Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NURS 306 > Chapter 5: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Total Body of Water (TBW)

A
  • total of the water in all fluid compartments.
  • 60% of body weight is water
  • varies w/ age, gender, body mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TBW in older adults

A

-older adults have 50% less body weight by water because of increased body fat due to aging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TBW in women

A

less body weight (water) than men because they have a greater proportion of body fat than men of the same weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TBW in newborns

A

have about 70-80% water by weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fluid Compartments

A
  1. Intracellular (ICF)

2. Extracellular (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intracellular (ICF)

A

insider cells (ICF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extracellular (ECF)

A
  • outside and in between cells.

- includes interstitial (surrounding cells, lymph) and intravascular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Majority of body water (2/3) is located w/in

A

cells and is termed intracellular fluid (ICF) except in infants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infants have more water located in

A

the extracellular compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluid in extracellular space is about

A

1/3 of body water.

termed extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intravascular

A

w/in vascular space, inside blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

part of the ISF

ex) CSF, synovial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intracellular Movement of Water

A

-intracellular water does not move readily out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intravascular Movement of Water

A
  • in capillary beds, there is constant movement of fluids between extracellular fluid (interstitial & intravascular).
  • maintains equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fluid and electrolytes

A

move between ICF & ECF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Process involved in movement is

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion (rapid diffusion due to a combined specific molecule)
  • active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Water moves between ICF & ECF due to

A

opposing forces: capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

force w/in a fluid compartment (ex. blood vessel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Capillary osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Active Transport

A

Na and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osmosis

A
  • movement of water between compartments separated by membranes permeable to water only. Not permeable to solutes.
  • water then moves from the more dilute compartment (has more water) to a more concentrated side.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tonicity of fluids/solutions

A
  1. isotonic
  2. hypotonic
  3. hypertonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ICF and ECF are

A

isotonic to one another = no water movement occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmolarity

A

measures osmotic force of solute per unit of weight of solvent.
“concentration of particles dissolved in a fluid”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cells are affected by the
osmolarity of the fluid that surrounds them.
26
Electrolytes
- substances essential to life - mostly minerals - components of ICF & ECF
27
Electrolyte concentrations can be expressed in
- mg/dL= milligrams per deciliter - mmol/L= millimoles per liter - mEq/L= milliequivalents per liter
28
mg/dL, mmol/L
describes how much lipid is present in a specific amount of blood
29
Electrolyte Intake
through diet, medications, and blood transfusions.
30
Electrolyte absorption
GI tract: depends on concentration gradients, binding proteins, intestinal fluid pH
31
Electrolyte distribution
- medications - hormones: epinephrine (K), insulin (K), parathyroid hormone (calcium) - cells and bones
32
Electrolyte excretion
- urine - feces (diarrhea) - sweat
33
Effect of undigested fat on electrolyte excretion
undigested fat in intestines binds to calcium and magnesium ions that are secreted into the GI tract and prevents them from being reabsorbed (seen in cystic fibrosis)
34
Electrolyte Loss
- vomiting - NG (nasogastric) suction - paracentecis - hemodialysis - wound drainage
35
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
- common in chronic illnesses - for therapeutic measures - F&E imbalances: deficits or excesses.
36
Examples of therapeutic measures for fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IVF replacements and meds such as diuretics
37
Examples of chronic illnesses that can affect fluid and electrolyte balance
CHF, burns CRF
38
Hyponatremia
- less salt in ECF (water excess in ECF) | - water moves into cells causing cell swelling
39
Pathogenesis of Hyponatremia: Causes
- IVF after major surgery - excess water intake - IVF administration in renal failure - small cell lung cancer - diuretics - excessive beer or water ingestion - ADH administration
40
Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
cellular swelling -> swelling of neurons: malaise, anorexia, N/V, h.a., confusion, lethargy, twitching, increased reflex, convulsions, seizures - coma!
41
Treatments for Hyponatremia
- IV w/ small amount of hypertonic saline solution (3% NaCl) or 5% dextrose in water. - In GE replacement of F&E w/ oral drinks such as gatorade. - Drugs: arginine vasopressin (ADH) receptor antagonists, conivaptan (vaprisol)
42
Hypernatremia
- more salt in ECF (less water in ECF) | - water moves out of cells leading to cellular dehydration, cell shrinkage
43
Neurological Symptoms of Hypernatremia
causes neurons to shrink | -irritability, confusion, tremors, seizures, coma.
44
Cardiovascular Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Increased HR and hypotension
45
GI Symptoms of Hypernatremia
N/V
46
Skin Symptoms of Hypernatremia
dry mucous membranes, dry skin, flushed skin, edema (d/t water retention)
47
Hypernatremia =
hyperchloremia
48
Pathogenesis of Hypernatremia: Causes
- concentrated tube feedings w/o enough water (esp in older adults) - IV infusion of hypertonic solution D5NS - near drowning in salt water - reduced fluid intake - difficulty swallowing fluids such as stroke pts. - diabetes insipidus - prolonged diarrhea
49
Treatment for Hypernatremia
- D5W (dextrose in 5% water) to dilute serum Na. | - Diuretics to promote excretion of Na
50
Edema
excess fluid between cells (interstitial compartment)
51
Pathogenesis of Edema
...
52
Signs and Symptoms of Edema
...
53
Treatment for Edema
...
54
Hypokalemia
-low potassium in ECF
55
Pathogenesis of Hypokalemia
- GI tract losses - diuretics (lasix) - low serum magnesium - metabolic alkalosis - DKA - NPO - excess insulin - renal problems
56
Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia
- arrhythmias - cardiac standstill - muscle weakness - flaccid paralysis - may cause polyuria (d/t interfering action of ADH at renal tubules)
57
Metabolic alkalosis
shifts K into cells in exchange for hydrogen, thus lowering K in the ECF
58
Treatments for Hypokalemia
K chloride, K in IVF | NEVER administer K via IVP
59
Hyperkalemia
high potassium in ECF (greater than 5.0 mEq/L)
60
Pathogenesis for Hyperkalemia: Cause
- by increased potassium - renal failure (most common cause) - massive cell destruction (burns, crush injury, tumor lysis, ACE inhibitors, potassium sparing diuretics)
61
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
- Vfib - cardiac standstill! - causes muscle dysfunction
62
Hyperkalemia and muscle dysfunction
hyperkalemia causes the smooth muscle and skeletal muscle to become hypopolarized causing intestinal cramping diarrhea, weakness, flaccid paralysis
63
Worse hyperkalemia can cause
skeletal muscle to become hypopolarized so that their resting potentials lie above their threshold potential, once they have discharged, they are unable to contract again.
64
Treatments for Hyperkalemia
- IV insulin along with glucose (prevent hypoglycemia) - calcium gluconate - kayexalate (binds K in exchange for Na and renin is excreted in feces) - hemodialysis in RF
65
Table 5-7 lists additional
electrolyte abnormalities
66
Nursing Process and patient centered care teaching
pp 473-479

NURS 306 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions