Chapter 5 Human Movement Science

Question 1

Where is Superior?

Answer 1

Positioned above a point of reference

Question 2

Where is Inferior?

Answer 2

Positioned below a point of reference

Question 3

Where is Proximal?

Answer 3

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

Question 4

Where is Distal?

Answer 4

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference

Question 5

Where is Anterior (or Ventral)?

Answer 5

On the front of the body

Question 6

Where is Posterior (or Dorsal)?

Answer 6

On the back of the body

Question 7

Where is Medial?

Answer 7

Positioned near the middle of the body

Question 8

Where is Lateral?

Answer 8

Positioned toward the outside of the body

Question 9

Where is Contralateral?

Answer 9

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Question 10

Where is Ipsilateral

Answer 10

Positioned on the same side of the body

Question 11

What is Anatomic Position?

Answer 11

The position of the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position if of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature

Question 12

What is the Sagittal plane?

Answer 12

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Question 13

What is Flexion?

Answer 13

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

Question 14

What is Extension?

Answer 14

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Question 15

What is Hyperextension?

Answer 15

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Question 16

Where is the Frontal Plane?

Answer 16

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Question 17

What is Abduction?

Answer 17

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Question 18

What is Adduction?

Answer 18

The movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Question 19

What is the Transverse Plane?

Answer 19

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

Question 20

What is Internal Rotation?

Answer 20

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

Question 21

What is External Rotation?

Answer 21

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Question 22

What is Horizontal Abduction?

Answer 22

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from anterior to a lateral position

Question 23

What is Horizontal Adduction?

Answer 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

Question 24

What is Scapular Retraction?

Answer 24

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Question 25

What is Scapular Protraction?

Answer 25

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Question 26

What is Scapular Depression?

Answer 26

Downward motion of the scapula

Question 27

What is Scapular Elevation?

Answer 27

Upward motion of the scapula

Question 28

What is Eccentric Muscle Action?

Answer 28

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

Question 29

What is Concentric Muscle Action?

Answer 29

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Question 30

What is Isokinetic Muscle Action?

Answer 30

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

Question 31

What is Force?

Answer 31

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

Question 32

What is Length Tension Relationship?

Answer 32

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can product at this resting length

Question 33

What is Force Couple?

Answer 33

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 34

What is Rotary Motion?

Answer 34

Movement of the bones around the joints

Question 35

What is Torque?

Answer 35

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm

Question 36

What is Motor Behavior?

Answer 36

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

Question 37

What is Motor Control?

Answer 37

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Question 38

What is Motor Learning?

Answer 38

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Question 39

What is Motor Development?

Answer 39

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Question 40

What are Muscle Synergies?

Answer 40

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

Question 41

What is Sensorimotor Integration?

Answer 41

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Question 42

What is Feedback?

Answer 42

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Question 43

What is Internal Feedback?

Answer 43

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

Question 44

What is External Feedback?

Answer 44

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment