Chapter 5: Human Movement Science

Question 1

The study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement and to better predict performance in athletic events.

Answer 1

Biomechanics

Question 2

medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral, anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, inferior, and superior are all what?

Answer 2

Anatomic Locations

Question 3

Positioned above a point of reference

Answer 3

Superior

Question 4

Positioned below a point of reference

Answer 4

Inferior

Question 5

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

Answer 5

Proximal

Question 6

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference

Answer 6

Distal

Question 7

On the front of the body

Answer 7

Anterior (or ventral)

Question 8

On the back of the body

Answer 8

Posterior

Question 9

Positioned near the middle of the body

Answer 9

Medial

Question 10

Positioned toward the outside of the body

Answer 10

Lateral

Question 11

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Answer 11

Contralateral

Question 12

Positioned on the same side of the body

Answer 12

Ipsilateral

Question 13

The position of the body erect with the arms and the sides and the palms forward.

Answer 13

Anatomic Position

Question 14

The universal accepted method of describing human movements is in these 3 dimensions based on a system of planes and axes

Answer 14

Sagittal, frontal, and traverse planes

Question 15

No motion occurs in just one plane but can be one plane dominant. Movement occurs on an axis running perpendicular to that plan, much like the axle a car wheel revolves around. This is known as ?

Answer 15

Join Motion

Question 16

Divides the body into left and right halves
Motion - Flexion/extension
Axis - Coronal
Example - Biceps Curls, Triceps Pushdown, Squat, Calf raise, Running

Answer 16

Sagittal Plane

Question 17

A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases.

Answer 17

Flexion

Question 18

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments increases

Answer 18

Extension

Question 19

Extension beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Answer 19

Hyperextension

Question 20

Divides the body into front and back halves
Motion - Adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, Eversion/inversion
Axis - Anterior-Posterior
Example - Side lateral raise, Side Lunge, Side Shuffle

Answer 20

Frontal Plane

Question 21

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Answer 21

Abduction

Question 22

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Answer 22

Adduction

Question 23

Divides the body into top and bottom halves
Motion - Internal and External Rotation, Left/right rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Axis - Longitudinal
Example - Trunk rotation, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat

Answer 23

Transverse Plane

Question 24

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

Answer 24

Internal rotation

Question 25

Rotation of a joint away from the body

Answer 25

External rotation

Question 26

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Answer 26

Horizontal abduction

Question 27

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

Answer 27

Horizontal adduction

Question 28

Adduction of the Scapula; shoulders move toward the midline

Answer 28

Scapular retraction

Question 29

Abuduction of the Scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Answer 29

Scapular Protraction

Question 30

Downward motion of the scapula

Answer 30

Scapular Depression

Question 31

Upward motion of the scapula

Answer 31

Scapular Elevation

Question 32

The 5 Types of Muscle Actions:

Answer 32

Isotonic, Eccentric, Concentric, Isometric, Isokinetic

Question 33

Muscle contraction where force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. 2 componenets involved an Eccentric phase and a Concentric Phase

Answer 33

Isotonic Movement

Question 34

Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening. Moving in the same direction as the resistance. DECELERATES FORCE When you let your arms down for a bicep curl more relaxed

Answer 34

Eccentric Muscle Action

Question 35

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle. Moving in the opposite direction of force. Accelerates or produces force - ACCELERATES FORCE When you pull your arms up for a bicep curl...holding force

Answer 35

Concentric Muscle Action

Question 36

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in muscle length No visible movement with or against resistance. Dynamically stabilizes force STABILIZES

Answer 36

Isometric Muscle Action

Question 37

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with force exerted. Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology

Answer 37

Isokinetic muscle action

Question 38

Defined as the interaction between 2 entities or bodies that result in either the acceleration or deceleration of an object

Answer 38

Force

Question 39

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Answer 39

Length-tension relationship

Question 40

Refers to the relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities

Answer 40

Force-velocity curve

Question 41

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint Examples: Trunk Rotation - Internal and External Obliques Upward Rotation of Scapula - Upper trapezius and lower portion of the serratus anterior

Answer 41

Force-couple relationship

Question 42

Movement of the bones around the joints

Answer 42

Rotary motion

Question 43

A force that produces rotation.

Answer 43

Torque

Question 44

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

Answer 44

Motor behavior

Question 45

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Answer 45

Motor Control

Question 46

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Answer 46

Motor Learning

Question 47

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Answer 47

Motor development

Question 48

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement Common: Squat - Quadriceps, hamstring complex, gluteus maximus Shoulder Press - Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius

Answer 48

Muscle Synergies

Question 49

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

Answer 49

Proprioception

Question 50

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Answer 50

Sensorimotor integration

Question 51

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Answer 51

Feedback

Question 52

The process by whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and environment

Answer 52

Internal Feedback

Question 53

Information provided by some external source, such as a health professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement internal environment

Answer 53

External Feedback