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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 5 - Inflammation and Healing > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Inflammation and Healing Flashcards

1
Q

abscess

A

a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus

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2
Q

adhesions

A

bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated; they prevent normal movement of the structures and may eventually cause distortion or twisting of the tissue

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3
Q

angiogenesis

A

the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels

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4
Q

chemical mediators

A

a nonspecific term for a chemical agent which carries out a process or reaction

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5
Q

chemotaxis

A

the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus

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6
Q

contracture

A

a permanent shortening of a muscle or joint

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7
Q

diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

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8
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample

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9
Q

exudate

A

a fluid emitted by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation

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10
Q

fibrinogen

A

a glycoprotein complex, made in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates

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11
Q

fibroblast

A

a cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibers

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12
Q

glucocorticoids

A

any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically. There are two kinds: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They have various metabolic functions and some are used to treat inflammation

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13
Q

granulation tissue

A

new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process

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14
Q

granuloma

A

a small mass of cells with a necrotic center and covered by connective tissue; it may develop around a foreign object such as a splinter or as part of the immune response in some infections such as tuberculosis

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15
Q

interferons

A

a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication

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16
Q

isoenzymes

A

also called isozymes; enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction

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17
Q

leukocyte

A

a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; also called a white (blood) cell

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18
Q

leukocytosis

A

A condition characterized by increased levels of leukocytes in the blood. Although this typically occurs when you’re sick, it can also be caused by several other factors, such as stress.

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19
Q

macrophage

A

active in phagocytosis; these are mature monocytes that have migrated into tissues from the blood

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20
Q

malaise

A

a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify

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21
Q

neutrophil

A

The most abundant type of granulocytes; they make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in different animals

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22
Q

glucocorticoids

A

any of a group of corticosteroids which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity

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23
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

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24
Q

purulent

A

consisting of, containing, or discharging pus

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25
Q

pyrexia

A

raised body temperature; fever

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26
Q

pyrogens

A

a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood

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27
Q

stenosis

A

a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice

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28
Q

ulcer

A

a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus

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29
Q

vasodilation

A

the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure

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30
Q

First Line of Defense (against injury)

A

a mechanical barrier such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues, as well as body secretions such as saliva or tears that contain enzymes or chemicals that inactivate or destroy potentially damaging material

31
Q

Second Line of Defense (against injury)

A

the nonspecific processes of phagocytosis and inflammation; phagocytosis eats harmful materials and inflammation is designed to limit the harm

32
Q

Third Line of Defense (against injury)

A

protection provided by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances

33
Q

granulocytes

A

a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm (i.e. a neutrophil, basophil, or eosinophil)

34
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

a band of contractile mural cells either classified as smooth muscle or pericytes that adjusts blood flow into capillaries

35
Q

mural cells

A

the vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes, of the microcirculation

36
Q

pericytes

A

vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of blood microvessels

37
Q

microcirculation

A

the part of the vascular system that consists of the small vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules)

38
Q

inflammation

A

a normal defense mechanism in the body, intended to localize and remove an injurious agent; it is characterized by pain, redness, or swelling

39
Q

caustic

A

(1) able to burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action
(2) sarcastic in a scathing and bitter way

40
Q

scathing

A

witheringly scornful; severely critical

41
Q

mast cell

A

a cell filled with basophil granules, found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions

42
Q

basophil

A

a type of white blood cell, involved in the release of histamine leading to inflammation

43
Q

dilation

A

the act or action of enlarging, expanding, or widening

44
Q

hyperemia

A

an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body

45
Q

monocytes

A

a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm

46
Q

lymphocyte

A

A type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells.

47
Q

eosinophils

A

a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin

48
Q

eosin

A

a red fluorescent dye that is a bromine derivative of fluorescein, or one of its salts or other derivatives

49
Q

bromine

A

the chemical element of atomic number 35, a dark red fuming toxic liquid with a choking, irritating smell

50
Q

fluorescein

A

an orange dye with a yellowish-green fluorescence

51
Q

fluorescence

A

the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation

52
Q

rubor

A

redness of the skin (as from inflammation)

53
Q

erythema

A

superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dilatation of the blood capillaries

54
Q

dilatation

A

the action of dilating a vessel or opening or the process of becoming dilated.

55
Q

bradykinin

A

a compound released in the blood in some circumstances that causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels; it is involved in inflammation

56
Q

pus

A

a thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue, consisting of dead white blood cells and bacteria with tissue debris and serum

57
Q

serum

A

an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates

58
Q

granule

A

a small compact particle of a substance

59
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

a corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body

60
Q

amoeba

A

a single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm

61
Q

protoplasm

A

the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles

62
Q

protozoa

A

an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris

63
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope

64
Q

tissue engineering

A

the search for new methods of replacing damaged tissue where regeneration is not possible—for example, extensive burns, deep ulcers, or cardiac muscle death

65
Q

edematous

A

relating to or affected with edema; abnormally swollen

66
Q

eschar

A

a dry, dark scab or falling away of dead skin, typically caused by a burn, or by the bite of a mite, or as a result of anthrax infection

67
Q

anthrax

A

a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis

68
Q

Gram stain

A

also called Gram staining or Gram’s method; a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria (turn purple after use a special dye) and gram-negative bacteria (do not turn purple after using a special dye)

69
Q

hemoconcentration

A

increased concentration of cells and solids in the blood usually resulting from loss of fluid to the tissues

70
Q

hypermetabolism

A

an elevated resting energy expenditure

71
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells in bone marrow

72
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

a deficit of albumin in the blood, more often seen in elderly patients

73
Q

albumin

A

A protein that is produced in the liver. Albumin enters the bloodstream where it helps carry vitamins, enzymes, and other important substances. Albumin also helps prevent fluids from leaking out of the bloodstream.

74
Q

corticosteroids

A

often known as steroids, they are an anti-inflammatory medicine prescribed for a wide range of conditions and are also produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

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