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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 4 - Pain > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Pain Flashcards

1
Q

ischemia

A

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles

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2
Q

somatic pain

A

pain that occurs when pain receptors in tissues (including the skin, muscles, skeleton, joints, and connective tissues) are activated

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3
Q

visceral pain

A

pain that originates in the organs and travels by sympathetic fibers

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4
Q

nociceptors

A

also called pain receptor; a sensory receptor for painful stimuli

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5
Q

bradykinin

A

a compound released in the blood in some circumstances that causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels

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6
Q

histamine

A

a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

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7
Q

prostaglandin

A

any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions

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8
Q

pain threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to activate the nerve ending sufficiently for the individual to perceive pain

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9
Q

afferent fibers

A

a nerve fiber that carries sensory impulses to the central nervous system from receptors in the periphery

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10
Q

efferent fibers

A

a nerve fiber that carries sensory impulses away from the central nervous system towards the peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

myelinated A delta fibers

A

a type of afferent fiber that transmits impulses rapidly and that is responsible for the transmission of acute pain sensation

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12
Q

unmyelinated C fibers

A

a type of afferent fiber that transmits impulses slowly and that is responsible for the transmission of chronic pain sensations

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13
Q

dermatone

A

an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

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14
Q

reticular formation

A

a mass of nerve cells and fibers situated primarily in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling autonomic functions (such as respiration), reflexive movement, posture and balance, and consciousness and the sleep-wake cycle

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15
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function

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16
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

therapy involves the use of low-voltage electric currents to treat pain

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17
Q

opioids

A

substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects

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18
Q

endorphins

A

any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides which activate the body’s opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect

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19
Q

peptides

A

a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain

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20
Q

neurotransmitter substance P

A

a neuropeptide (neurotransmitter) most known for its role in pain perception

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21
Q

enkephalin

A

a naturally occurring peptide that has potent painkilling effects and is released by neurons in the central nervous system and by cells in the adrenal medulla

22
Q

dynorphin

A

a neuropeptide involved in pain, addiction and mood regulation

23
Q

lipotropin

A

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It promotes the release of fat reserves from the liver into the bloodstream

24
Q

opiate receptor

A

any of various cell membrane receptors that can bind with morphine and other opiates

25
Q

serotonin

A

a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction

26
Q

receptor

A

a region of tissue, or a molecule in a cell membrane, which responds specifically to a particular neurotransmitter, hormone, antigen, or other substance

27
Q

pallor

A

an unhealthy pale appearance

28
Q

referred pain

A

pain perceived at a site distant from the source

29
Q

phantom pain

A

pain that feels like it’s coming from a body part that’s no longer there

30
Q

acute pain

A

pain that is sudden and severe, but short term

31
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome

A

a disorder of the jaw muscles and nerves caused by injury or inflammation to the temporomandibular joints

32
Q

temporomandibular joints

A

the two joints connecting the jawbone to the skull

33
Q

ergotamine

A

a medicine used to treat or prevent a vascular headache

34
Q

meningitis

A

a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges

35
Q

gingivitis

A

a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums

36
Q

periodontitis

A

a serious form of gum disease where the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out

37
Q

infarction

A

obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue

38
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow

39
Q

embolus

A

a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism

40
Q

embolism

A

obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble

41
Q

in situ

A

(adverb or adjective) in the natural or original position or place

42
Q

central pain

A

pain that is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord

43
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain that is caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves

44
Q

neuralgia

A

a stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to an irritated or damaged nerve

45
Q

causalgia

A

severe burning pain in a limb caused by injury to a peripheral nerve

46
Q

intractable

A

(1) not easily governed, managed, or directed; (2) not easily relieved or cured; (3) not easily manipulated or shaped

47
Q

rhizotomy

A

a surgical procedure to sever nerve roots in the spinal cord

48
Q

cordotomy

A

a surgical procedure that is used to relieve pain by cutting the nerves of the spinal cord

49
Q

lidocaine

A

a synthetic compound used as a local anesthetic, e.g., for dental surgery, and in treating abnormal heart rhythms

50
Q

myelin

A

a lipid-rich (fatty) substance that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system’s “wires”) to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) are passed along the axon.

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

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