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Chapter 5: Influences on public policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Leichtner’s framework- factors that impact policy change

A
  1. Situational factors
  2. Structural factors
  3. Cultural factors
  4. Environmental factors
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1
Q

Situational factors

A

Sudden or violent events that are transient or one time
Allows for policies not previously possible

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1
Q

Examples of situational factors

A

9/11, Hurricane Katrina, World War II, COVID

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2
Q

COVID as a situational factor

A

Allowed for policies such as stay at home orders, face masks and travel bans to be put in place

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3
Q

Structural factors

A

Permanent and includes changes in political leadership, demographics and social characteristics

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4
Q

Examples of structural factors

A

Extent to which a country is urbanized and age distribution of the population can affect the health care services available ex. more old people require more LTC and palliative care

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5
Q

Cultural factors

A

Customs, arts, social institutions, symbols, language, norms, values and achievements of a particular nation, people or other social group

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6
Q

Cultural factor example 1

A

Attitude towards government and the role of the state
- if population doesn’t trust the government, they won’t vote in election

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7
Q

Cultural factor example 2

A

Religious teachings
- Using christian faith towards political advantage
- abortion
- same sex marriage

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8
Q

Environmental factors

A

External or international factors

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9
Q

Environmental factors examples

A

National American free trade association (NAFTA)
Loss of manufacturing jobs in US, more in China

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10
Q

Example of an environmental factor that impacted Canadian public policy

A

Surging cases of COVID-19 in US

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11
Q

Limitations of Leichtner’s model

A

Lacks an explanation for how structures and situations influence policy
Doesn’t consider role of civil society actors or political ideology

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12
Q

Easton’s framework- inputs

A

Values
Demands
Support
Resources

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13
Q

Government and inputs

A

Governments select which one of these inputs they will afford greater attention to then make policy

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14
Q

Values examples

A

Medicare

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15
Q

Demands

A

Expressed wishes of groups who desire particular policies that address their own objectives and interests

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16
Q

Demands example

A

Black lives matter

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17
Q

Support

A

Public acceptance of these demands

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18
Q

Resources

A

Means available to governments to address the demands made by these interest groups

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19
Q

Resources example

A

Money/tax funding

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20
Q

Easton’s model- government institutions

A

Welfare states
- social democratic
- (Neo)liberal
- conservative
- latin

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21
Q

Social democratic welfare state ideologic inspiration

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A

Equality
- reduce poverty, inequality, unemployment

22
Q

Social democratic welfare state organizing principle

23
Social democratic welfare state focus of the programs
Resources
24
Social democratic welfare state central institution
State
25
Liberal welfare state ideological inspiration
Liberty - minimize government interventions, disincentives to work
26
Liberal welfare state organizing principle
Residual - focus on the basic needs of the most marginalized citizens
27
Liberal welfare state focus of the programs
Needs
28
Liberal welfare state central institution
Market
29
Easton's framework- outputs
Goods and services provided by government (health care) Macro, meso or micro level policies
30
What do Easton and Leichtner's frameworks leave out?
Disagreements or conflict btwn advocacy groups
31
Key influences on the public policy process
Civil society Advocacy groups Health coalitions and professional associations Media Political ideology Corporate sector
32
Civil society
Politically engaged citizens, professional policy analysts, associational networks that attempt to influence public policy decisions ex. Heart and stroke foundation
33
Civil society examples
United Auto Workers, Black lives matter social movement, Anglican church of Canada
34
Advocacy groups
Groups that advocate for a particular issue
35
Advocacy groups examples
David Suzuki foundation, Canadian snowbird association
36
Health coalitions and professional associations
Ontario AIDS Network, Canadian Nurses association, Canadian Medical Association
37
The Canadian health coalition belief regarding health care
Believe in the importance of maintaining a public approach
38
The Canadian Medical Association beliefs regarding health care
Stress a private approach
39
Media focus
Wait times for health care services rather than social determinants of health
40
Media examples
Canadian broadcasting corporation, the globe and mail, facebook
41
Political ideology
Social acceptance of one political ideology over another can shape policy development
42
Political ideology example
Neoliberalism, socialism, fascism
43
Corporate sector
Advocates for greater private involvement in all aspects of public policy especially w regard to health organization and delivery Focused on generating profit
44
Corporate sector example
Royal bank of Canada, Chamber of commerce
45
US affordable care act (Obama care)
Requires all Americans to purchase their health care insurance from the private health care insurance industry (individual mandate) Requires all employers with a certain number of employees to provide health insurance (employer mandate)
46
Goal of Obama care
Ensure all Americans have health insurance
47
What does Obama care fix for American health insurance
Outlaws screening people for pre-existing health conditions Removes ban on annual and lifetime coverage caps Removes cap on annual out of pocket costs
48
Which group was most opposed to Obamacare's individual and employer mandates?
Neoliberal politicians
49
What type of welfare state is Canada?
Liberal - provides least support and security to citizens
50
Who has stronger influence on public policy making?
Physicians rather than allied health professionals - they favour private approach
51
Critique of Easton's model
Focuses too primarily on state institutions and too little on categories of actors and other influences on the political system Fails to capture conflict
52
How do Americans pay for their health care?
Private insurance Medicaid Medicare Veterans administration Uninsured/out of pocket
53
Medicaid
Assistance program that provides health insurance to low income Americans of all ages
54
US Medicare
Provides health insurance to seniors aged 65 years and over and people w disabilities

HLTH305 (10 decks)

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