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HLTH305 > Chapter 5: Influences on public policy > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Influences on public policy Flashcards

1
Q

Leichtner’s framework- factors that impact policy change

A
  1. Situational factors
  2. Structural factors
  3. Cultural factors
  4. Environmental factors
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1
Q

Situational factors

A

Sudden or violent events that are transient or one time
Allows for policies not previously possible

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1
Q

Examples of situational factors

A

9/11, Hurricane Katrina, World War II, COVID

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2
Q

COVID as a situational factor

A

Allowed for policies such as stay at home orders, face masks and travel bans to be put in place

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3
Q

Structural factors

A

Permanent and includes changes in political leadership, demographics and social characteristics

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4
Q

Examples of structural factors

A

Extent to which a country is urbanized and age distribution of the population can affect the health care services available ex. more old people require more LTC and palliative care

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5
Q

Cultural factors

A

Customs, arts, social institutions, symbols, language, norms, values and achievements of a particular nation, people or other social group

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6
Q

Cultural factor example 1

A

Attitude towards government and the role of the state
- if population doesn’t trust the government, they won’t vote in election

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7
Q

Cultural factor example 2

A

Religious teachings
- Using christian faith towards political advantage
- abortion
- same sex marriage

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8
Q

Environmental factors

A

External or international factors

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9
Q

Environmental factors examples

A

National American free trade association (NAFTA)
Loss of manufacturing jobs in US, more in China

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10
Q

Example of an environmental factor that impacted Canadian public policy

A

Surging cases of COVID-19 in US

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11
Q

Limitations of Leichtner’s model

A

Lacks an explanation for how structures and situations influence policy
Doesn’t consider role of civil society actors or political ideology

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12
Q

Easton’s framework- inputs

A

Values
Demands
Support
Resources

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13
Q

Government and inputs

A

Governments select which one of these inputs they will afford greater attention to then make policy

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14
Q

Values examples

A

Medicare

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15
Q

Demands

A

Expressed wishes of groups who desire particular policies that address their own objectives and interests

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16
Q

Demands example

A

Black lives matter

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17
Q

Support

A

Public acceptance of these demands

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18
Q

Resources

A

Means available to governments to address the demands made by these interest groups

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19
Q

Resources example

A

Money/tax funding

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20
Q

Easton’s model- government institutions

A

Welfare states
- social democratic
- (Neo)liberal
- conservative
- latin

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21
Q

Social democratic welfare state ideologic inspiration

A

Equality
- reduce poverty, inequality, unemployment

22
Q

Social democratic welfare state organizing principle

A

Universalism

23
Q

Social democratic welfare state focus of the programs

A

Resources

24
Q

Social democratic welfare state central institution

A

State

25
Q

Liberal welfare state ideological inspiration

A

Liberty
- minimize government interventions, disincentives to work

26
Q

Liberal welfare state organizing principle

A

Residual
- focus on the basic needs of the most marginalized citizens

27
Q

Liberal welfare state focus of the programs

A

Needs

28
Q

Liberal welfare state central institution

A

Market

29
Q

Easton’s framework- outputs

A

Goods and services provided by government (health care)
Macro, meso or micro level policies

30
Q

What do Easton and Leichtner’s frameworks leave out?

A

Disagreements or conflict btwn advocacy groups

31
Q

Key influences on the public policy process

A

Civil society
Advocacy groups
Health coalitions and professional associations
Media
Political ideology
Corporate sector

32
Q

Civil society

A

Politically engaged citizens, professional policy analysts, associational networks that attempt to influence public policy decisions
ex. Heart and stroke foundation

33
Q

Civil society examples

A

United Auto Workers, Black lives matter social movement, Anglican church of Canada

34
Q

Advocacy groups

A

Groups that advocate for a particular issue

35
Q

Advocacy groups examples

A

David Suzuki foundation, Canadian snowbird association

36
Q

Health coalitions and professional associations

A

Ontario AIDS Network, Canadian Nurses association, Canadian Medical Association

37
Q

The Canadian health coalition belief regarding health care

A

Believe in the importance of maintaining a public approach

38
Q

The Canadian Medical Association beliefs regarding health care

A

Stress a private approach

39
Q

Media focus

A

Wait times for health care services rather than social determinants of health

40
Q

Media examples

A

Canadian broadcasting corporation, the globe and mail, facebook

41
Q

Political ideology

A

Social acceptance of one political ideology over another can shape policy development

42
Q

Political ideology example

A

Neoliberalism, socialism, fascism

43
Q

Corporate sector

A

Advocates for greater private involvement in all aspects of public policy especially w regard to health organization and delivery
Focused on generating profit

44
Q

Corporate sector example

A

Royal bank of Canada, Chamber of commerce

45
Q

US affordable care act (Obama care)

A

Requires all Americans to purchase their health care insurance from the private health care insurance industry (individual mandate)
Requires all employers with a certain number of employees to provide health insurance (employer mandate)

46
Q

Goal of Obama care

A

Ensure all Americans have health insurance

47
Q

What does Obama care fix for American health insurance

A

Outlaws screening people for pre-existing health conditions
Removes ban on annual and lifetime coverage caps
Removes cap on annual out of pocket costs

48
Q

Which group was most opposed to Obamacare’s individual and employer mandates?

A

Neoliberal politicians

49
Q

What type of welfare state is Canada?

A

Liberal
- provides least support and security to citizens

50
Q

Who has stronger influence on public policy making?

A

Physicians rather than allied health professionals
- they favour private approach

51
Q

Critique of Easton’s model

A

Focuses too primarily on state institutions and too little on categories of actors and other influences on the political system
Fails to capture conflict

52
Q

How do Americans pay for their health care?

A

Private insurance
Medicaid
Medicare
Veterans administration
Uninsured/out of pocket

53
Q

Medicaid

A

Assistance program that provides health insurance to low income Americans of all ages

54
Q

US Medicare

A

Provides health insurance to seniors aged 65 years and over and people w disabilities

HLTH305 (10 decks)

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