Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is the skin that covers your body, also known as the cutaneous membrane, called?
A
Integument
2
Q
What makes up the integumentary system?
A
Hair, skin, and nails
3
Q
What are the two layers of the integument?
A
The epidermis and dermis
4
Q
What layer of the integument is the superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium?
A
Epidermis
5
Q
What is the deeper layer of aerolar and dense irregular connective tissues?
A
Dermis
6
Q
What layer is not part of the skin, lies under the dermis, and is composed of aerolar and adipose tissue?
A
Subcutaneous
7
Q
What is the function of the integument?
A
Protection, prevention of water loss and gain, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, and secretion
8
Q
What does the integument protect from?
A
Trauma, toxic substances, and solar radiation
9
Q
Is skin completely waterproof?
A
No
10
Q
What is it called when there is a release of water vapor from sweat glands when not visibly sweating?
A
Insensible perspiration
11
Q
What is visible sweating referred to as?
A
Sensible perspiration
12
Q
Dilation of dermal vessels does what?
A
Releases heat
13
Q
Constriction of dermal vessels does what?
A
Conserves heat
14
Q
What vitamin is produced by skin cells and converted to calcitrol by the kidneys?
A
Vitamin D3
15
Q
What is the name of the hormone involved in calcium homeostasis?
A
Caclitrol
16
Q
What are the cells called that help initiate immune responses?
A
Epidermal dendritic cells
17
Q
What cells stimulate sensory nerve endings in response to touch?
A
Tactile cells
18
Q
Sweating, or lubrication of hair and skin with sebum is also called what?
A
Secretion
19
Q
What is the epithelium of the skin called?
A
The epidermis
20
Q
Is the epidermis avascular?
A
Yes
21
Q
What layer of the epidermis is the most deep?
A
Stratum basale
22
Q
What layer of the epidermis is the most superficial?
A
Stratum corneum
23
Q
What is the second most deep layer of the epidermis?
A
Stratum spinosum
24
Q
What is the middle layer of the epidermis?
A
Stratum granulosum
25
What is the second most superficial layer in the epidermis?
Stratum lucidum
26
What layer no longer has nuclei and is often lacked by those with thin skin?
Stratum lucidum
27
What layer of the epidermis is described as a single layer of cells and is cuboidal to low columnar in appearance?
Stratum basale
28
What layer of the epidermis are the cells attached to basement membrane and adjacent to dermis?
Stratum basale
29
What are the cells called in the epidermis that are most abundant and produce tough keratin protein?
Keratinocytes
30
What are the cells called in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage?
Melanocytes
31
What cells in the epidermis are sensitive to touch?
Tactile cells
32
What layer of the epidermis has several layers of polygonal keratinocytes?
Stratum spinosum
33
What makes up stratum spinosum?
Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into non-dividing, specialized keratinocytes
34
Are some epidermal dendritic cells present in stratum spinosum?
Yes
35
What layer of the epidermis is composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization?
Stratum granulosum
36
What layer of the epidermis contains two types of keratin granules in cells?
Stratum granulosum
37
Are keratonylin granules involved in the keratinization process?
Yes
38
What are the granules that release contents into extracellular space?
Lamellar granules
39
What layer of the epidermis is referred to as the thin, translucent region?
Stratum lucidum
40
What layer of the epidermis is two to three cell layers thick?
Stratum lucidum
41
What layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
42
What layer of the epidermis is the most superficial and varies 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called corneocytes?
Stratum corneum
43
What layer of the epidermis contains cells that are anucleate and tightly packed?
Stratum corneum
44
Do cells from stratum basale take about two weeks to migrate to stratum corneum?
Yes
45
How many layers does thick skin contain in the epidermis?
Five
46
Where is thick skin found?
In palms of hand and soles of feet
47
Does thick skin have hair follicles or sebaceous glands?
No
48
How thick is the epidermis (in thick skin)?
0.4-0.6 mm thick
49
How many layers does thin skin contain in the epidermis?
Four
50
Does thin skin cover most of body?
Yes
51
How thick is the epidermis (thin skin)?
0.075-0.150 mm thick
52
By what is skin color determined?
By three pigments
53
What skin pigment is a blood pigment and red in color?
Hemoglobin
54
What skin pigment is produced by melanocytes and increased with exposure to UV radiation?
Melanin
55
What skin pigment is yellow-orange and builds up in the skin from foods such as carrots?
Carotene
56
What is the skin color conditon in which hair is white, skin is pale, and irises of the eye are pink?
Albinism
57
What is the skin color condition in which skin appears golden brown, copper, or bronze in color?
Bronzing
58
What is the skin color condition in which skin appears bluish as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood?
Cyanosis
59
What is the skin color condition in which skin appears abnormally red?
Erythema
60
What is the skin color condition in which a bruise (visible pool of clotted blood) is observable through the skin?
Hematoma
61
What is the skin color condition in which skin appears ashen or pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis?
Pallor
62
What is also referred to as a mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes?
Nevus
63
What are the yellow or brown spots of high melanocyte activity called?
Freckles
64
What do you call the perforation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor?
Hemangioma
65
What type of hemangiomas are bright red to deep purple and usually appear in childhood?
Capillary hemangiomas
66
What type of hemangiomas involve larger dermal vessels and may last a lifetime?
Canaverous hemangiomas
67
What are the folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes called?
Friction ridges
68
What layer of the integument lies deep in the epidermis?
Dermis
69
What are the two layers of the dermis called?
Papillary layer and reticular layer
70
What layer of the dermis is superficial and adjacent to epidermis?
Papillary layer
71
What layer of the dermis is the deeper and thicker layer?
Reticular layer
72
What layer of the dermis is composed of aerolar connective tissue?
Papillary layer
73
What are dermal papillae?
Projections of the dermis toward the epidermis that contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis and also contain sensory receptors
74
What layer of the dermis is comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue?
Reticular layer
75
What layer of the dermis includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves?
Reticular layer
76
What are lines of cleavage for?
To identify the orientation of fiber bundles; important clinically, as incisions across these lines heal more slowly that incisions along these lines
77
How do stretch marks form?
Skin is overstretched and collagen fibers tear to form stride
78
What is innervation?
Nerve fibers are extensively dispersed in dermis
79
What type of blood vessels help control body temperature and blood pressure?
Dermal blood vessels
80
What is the narrowing diameter of blood vessels called?
Vasoconstriction
81
What is the widening diameter of blood vessels called?
Vasodilation
82
What does vasoconstriction do?
Reduced blood flow to skin and helps consume heat
83
What does vasodilation do?
Increases blood flow to skin and helps release heat
84
What layer is deep to the integument (not part of it)?
Subcutaneous layer
85
What layer is composed of aerolar and adipose connective tissue?
Subcutaneous layer
86
What layer stores calories?
Subcutaneous layer
87
In areas where the layer is predominantly adipose, is it then called subcutaneous fat?
Yes
88
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
To protect underlying structures, store energy, and thermal insulation
89
What does the pilus consist of?
Keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis
90
What are the zones that make up a hair?
Hair bulb, hair root, and hair shaft
91
What is the deep swelling of cells where hair originates?
Hair bulb
92
What is the portion of the hair that is deep to the skin surface?
Hair root
93
What is the portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface?
The hair shaft
94
Where does hair production occur?
The hair matrix
95
What are the different layers of hair?
Medulla, cortex, and cuticle
96
What layer of hair is the core of loose cells and air spaces?
Medulla
97
What layer of hair is made of several layers of hardened, flattened cells?
Cortex
98
What layer of hair is known as the outer coating?
The cuticle
99
Does the hair wall have a connective tissue root sheath and epithelial tissue root sheath?
Yes
100
Where do arrector pili muscles attach?
Hair shaft
101
What do arrector pili muscles do?
Respond to emotions and cold temps by contracting, standing the hair up, and producing goose bumps
102
What are the three hair types?
Lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair
103
What hair type is found on fetus?
Lanugo
104
What hair type is fine and nonpigmented, located on most of body?
Vellus
105
What hair type is coarse and pigmented (the hair on our head)?
Terminal hair
106
What are the functions of hair?
Protection, heat retention, sensory reception, and visual identification
107
How is hair color developed?
From melanin produced in matrix adjacent to papillae
108
Are variations of hair color genetically determined and influenced by environment and hormonal factors?
Yes
109
Does pigment production increase or decrease with age?
Decrease
110
What causes gray hair?
Gradual melanin decrease
111
What causes white hair?
Complete stoppage of melanin production
112
What are the three stages of the hair growth cycle?
Anagen phase, catagen phase, and telogen phase
113
What phase of the hair growth cycle includes active growth at hair bulb?
Anagen phase
114
What phase of hair growth cycle includes a brief regression period?
Catagen phase
115
What phase of hair growth cycle serves as a resting place (usually where hair sheds)?
Telogen phase
116
What is the medical term for hair thinning?
Alopecia
117
What is male pattern baldness caused by?
Genetic and hormonal factors
118
What is hirsutism?
Excessive hairiness
119
What is hirsutism caused by?
Excess androgens
120
What are the two types of exocrine glands?
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
121
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Merocrine and apocrine glands
122
What do sweat glands produce?
Sweat, a watery solution
123
What do sebaceous glands produce?
Oily secretions
124
What are sweat glands also referred as?
Sudoriferous glands
125
What glands have coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer of dermis or in subcutaneous layer?
Sweat glands
126
What glands transport secretions to skin surface for merocrine glands?
Sweat glands
127
What gland transports secretions to a hair follicle for apocrine glands?
Sweat glands
128
What is the opening of a duct on skin surface called?
A sweat pore
129
What are the cells called that respond to sympathetic stimulation and contract to squeeze the gland so secretions are released?
Myoepithelial cells
130
What are simple, coiled, tubular glands that release secretions into a duct which terminates as a pore on skin surface?
Merocrine glands
131
Is merocrine gland secretion 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system?
Yes
132
What are the functions of sweat glands?
Thermoregulation, secretion of various substances, and protection from microbes
133
What are the glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (aerola), groin (p
134
What are the glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (aerola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)?
Apocrine sweat glands
135
How is secretion from apocrine sweat glands described?
Thick, cloudy, and composed of proteins and lipids
136
What causes distinct odor from apocrine sweat glands in the various regions?
Bacterial growth
137
What are holocrine glands that secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface?
Sebaceous glands
138
What is the purpose of lubrication?
To prevent drying of hair and skin
139
What glands are relatively inactive during childhood?
Sebaceous glands
140
What glands cause sex hormones at puberty to cause secretions to increase significantly?
Sebaceous glands
141
What glands are apocrine glands located in external mucous meatus?
Ceruminous glands
142
How is cerumen produced?
Sebum is mixed with keratinocytes
143
What does cerumen do?
Helps trap particles and small insects, provided lubrication to eardrum, and contains antimicrobial lysozome
144
Where are mammary glands found?
Breasts
145
Are mammary glands modified apocrine glands?
Yes
146
What glands are functional in pregnant females in response to hormone signals, resulting in production of breast milk?
Mammary glands
147
What are some signs of aging of the integument?
Skin takes longer to repair, collagen content decreases, immune responsiveness diminishes, skin becomes drier, and UV radiation damages skin cell DNA
148
What is the most common form of cancer?
Skin cancer
149
What is a predominant skin cancer risk factor?
Chronic sun exposure
150
What are the three main types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
151
What type of skin cancer is the most common and least dangerous?
Basal cell carcinoma
152
What type of skin cancer may metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
153
What type of skin cancer is most deadly?
Malignant melanoma
154
What type of skin cancer starts in stratum basale?
Basal cell carcinoma
155
What type of skin cancer starts in stratum spinosum?
Squamous cell carcinoma
156
What type of skin cancer starts from melanocytes (usually in a mole)?
Malignant melanoma
