Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Question 1

integument

Answer 1

skin on the outside of body, epithelium and connective tissue

Question 2

integumentary system

Answer 2

skin, hair, nails

Question 3

functions of skin

Answer 3

protection, temperature regulation, sensory receptors, synthesis of vitamin D, excretion

Question 4

structure of skinq

Answer 4

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Question 5

how does skin provide protection

Answer 5

barrier to physical, chemical, and biological, works because the epithelium is made of hard proteins

Question 6

how does skin help with temperature regulation

Answer 6

sweating, shunting blood to or away from skin, insulation

Question 7

how does skin act as sensory receptors

Answer 7

touch, pain, cold, hot

Question 8

how does the skin help with synthesis vitamin D

Answer 8

synthesizes a precursor molecule of vitamin production; absorbs calcium synthesis precursor molecule of vitamin D

Question 9

how does skin help with excretion

Answer 9

removes waste products from the body (limited to urine, feces, and respiration), a small amount of urea can leave the body through sweat

Question 10

what type of tissue is the epidermis made of

Answer 10

epithelium

Question 11

what type of tissue is the dermis made of

Answer 11

conenctive

Question 12

what type of tissue is hypodermis made of

Answer 12

adipose

Question 13

epidermis

Answer 13

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

types of cells in the epidermis

Answer 14

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel

Question 15

keratinocytes

Answer 15

most abundant, makes keratin moves from internal to external

Question 16

keratin

Answer 16

fibrous protein that repels water, hardens in the cell, not as dense as skin as it is in hair and nails

Question 17

melanocytes

Answer 17

produces melanin, transferred to keratinocytes to protect the nucleus from UV rays, everyone has the same amount but they might produce different amounts of melanin

Question 18

langerhans cells

Answer 18

macrophages that protect against toxins microbes and other disease agents

Question 19

merkel cells

Answer 19

serve as a sensory receptor associated with nerve endings, used for sensing touch

Question 20

epidermal layers

Answer 20

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Question 21

stratum basale

Answer 21

• next to the dermis and the basement membrane
• one cell layer thick (cuboidal)
• rapidly dividing keratinocytes
• 10-25% melanocytes

Question 22

stratum spinosum

Answer 22

• less cell division occurring
• several cell layers are thick and keratinocytes contain keratin filaments
• has some desmosomes

Question 23

stratum granulosum

Answer 23

• 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
• cells have granules are a component of keratin
• lamellated granules secrete glycolipids
• most organelles degenerate

Question 24

stratum lucidum

Answer 24

• found only in thick skin
• consists of a few rows of dead, flat cells
• microscopically appears as a clear area
  keratohyalin granules and keratin filaments are combines to form keratin fibrils

Question 25

stratum corneum

Answer 25

- topmost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick or more - cells are dead, flat, and full of keratin fibrils - organelles have disintegrated including desmosomes, so cells come apart from one another - cells are "cornified" and slough off

Question 26

what is the dermis made of

Answer 26

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle, and nerve fibers

Question 27

what are the layer of the dermis

Answer 27

papillary and reticular

Question 28

papillary layer

Question 29

reticular layer

Answer 29

- thick, dense, irregular connective tissue - part of the animal that becomes leather

Question 30

hypodermis

Answer 30

the layer that connects skin to the underlying tissues contains subcutaneous fat (50% of total body fat)

Question 31

types of hair

Answer 31

vellus and terminal

Question 32

vellus

Answer 32

general body hairs, found in children and women; short, pale, and fine

Question 33

terminal hair

Answer 33

found in males and females on the head and eyebrows, coarser often long, and colored, at puberty, it grows in the pubic region and axillary regions of both sexes replacing vellus hairs, grows on face, chest, arms, and legs

Question 34

hair follicle

Answer 34

inside the dermis

Question 35

hair follicle structures

Answer 35

dermal papilla, hair matrix, arrector pili, sebaceous gland, nerve endings

Question 36

dermal papilla

Answer 36

part of the hair follicle brings blood supply, inside the bottom of the hair follicle, provides nutrients to actively dividing hair

Question 37

hair matrix

Answer 37

located above the papilla, area of active dividing cells that make hair grow, cells made by this are pushed up by new growth below, cells get keratinized and die full of hard keratin

Question 38

arrector pili

Answer 38

the small smooth muscle that makes hair stand on end, attached to the follicle and stratum papillae near the epidermis

Question 39

sebaceuous gland

Answer 39

empties onto the hair follicle, produces sebum (oil)

Question 40

nerve endings

Answer 40

found wrapped around the hair follicle, sensitive to the touch

Question 41

stages of hair growth

Answer 41

anagen, catagen, telogen

Question 42

anagen hair growth

Answer 42

growing phase (6-8 years) stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into the dermis

Question 43

catagen hair growth

Answer 43

degenerative phase, (2-3 weeks), hair breaks down, stops growing, forms club hair

Question 44

telogen hair growth

Answer 44

resting phase (1-3 months), club hair falls out

Question 45

nails

Answer 45

contain hard keratin cells stick together

Question 46

types of sweat glad secretions

Answer 46

eccrine and apocrine

Question 47

eccrine glands

Answer 47

have merocrine secretion, smaller and more widespread. empties directly onto the skin surface, very important in thermoregulation, active at birth

Question 48

apocrine glands

Answer 48

type of sweat gland, use merocrine secretion, secretes proteins and lipids, milky, empties onto the hair follicle, found in the axillae, areola, and anogenital regions, results in BO, active at puberty

Question 49

sebaceous glands

Answer 49

uses holocrine secretion, secretes sebum onto the hair follicles, found every where expect for soles and palms of hands, do not function until puberty

Question 50

sebaceous gland functions

Answer 50

waterproofing, protection, and softening skin

Question 51

ceruminous glands

Answer 51

secrete ear wax to protect ear drum

Question 52

mammary glands

Answer 52

apocrine gland develops during pregnancy and lactation