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BIOL 235 Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5- Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system functions

A
  1. regulate body temp
    2.stores blood
  2. protection from external environment
  3. detects sensations
  4. excretes/absorbs
  5. synthesize vitamin D
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2
Q

structure of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
SC layer

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

epithelial cells, thin, no blood vessels

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4
Q

Dermis

A

irregular connective tissue, thicker, has blood vessels, collagen and elastic fibers-stretch and recoil easy)

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5
Q

SC layer

A

anchor point and contains lamellated corpuscles-sensitive to pressure

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6
Q

Epidermis cells

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile epithelial
macrophages

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

product keratin, fibrous protein (wet suit), 90%, protection

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin (absorb UV, contribute to skin colour), 8%

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9
Q

tactile epithelial

A

connects to tactile discs (detect touch), least amount, aka Merkel cells

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10
Q

macrophages

A

Langerhans cells, immune response, from RBM, against microbes

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11
Q

Skin layers

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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12
Q

Stratum Basale

A

row of cuboidal keratinocytes/produce keratin/ protects from injury, attaches to hemidesmosome/melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells, stem cells

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

can still divide, produce more keratin, (desmosomes hold cells to one another), macrophages and melanocytes present, 8-10 layers

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14
Q

stratum germination

A

forming new cells or stem cells

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15
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells undergo apoptosis, too far from basale layer (no nutrition)

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16
Q

Keratohyalin

A

keratin filaments into keratin and inside cells are lamellar granules- release fat secretion into EFC

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17
Q

stratum lucidum

A

found only in thick skin, clear/dead keratocytes cells

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18
Q

stratum corneum

A

flatten, dead keratocytes cells (no cell parts),

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19
Q

Callus

A

thickening of SC layers

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20
Q

Dermis regions

A

Papillary region
Reticular region

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21
Q

papillary region

A

closest to epidermis (collagen and elastic fibers)

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22
Q

what does the papillary region consists of?

A

dermal papillary
capillary loops
corpuscles of touch
free nerve ending dendrites

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23
Q

dermal papillary

A

small, nipple shaped, projects upwards, increases surface area

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24
Q

capillary loops

A

found in dermal papillary, vascular

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25
corpuscles of touch
nerve ending, sensitive to touch
26
free nerve ending dendrites
warmth, itching, tickling, no structure
27
reticular region
extensibility (stretch), elasticity (original shape), attached to SC, fibroblasts & wandering cells, thick collagen fibers
28
what does the reticular region of the dermis consist of?
blood vessels, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, occupy spaces between fibers
29
epidermal ridges
downward projection of the epidermis between dermal papillary and papillary region-fingerprints/footprints, unique to each person, increases surface area
30
keratinization
cells move through epidermal layers, accumulate more and more keratin, then apoptosis
31
pigments of skin colour
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
32
melanin
product of melanocytes (everyone has same number), colour is how much is produced and transferred to keratinocytes
33
functions of melanin
absorb UV rays prevent DNA damage to neighboring cells (like tiny umbrella)
34
functions of hair
protects head from sun decrease heat loss from head protection from foreign particles sensing light touch
35
shaft of hair
projects above skin
36
root of hair
deep in the dermis, deep to hair shaft
37
hair-medulla
innermost, where pigment granules are
38
hair-cortex
middle layer
39
hair-cuticle
outer most layer; keratinized cells
40
hair follicle
surrounds root, , epithelial root sheath and derma root sheath surrounds hair
41
hair- bulb
base of hair follicle
42
papilla of hair
part of bulb, vascular
43
hair matrix
germinal layer of cell in bulb, hair growth
44
arrector pili
smooth muscle, autonomic nerves cause contraction = goose bumps
45
hair root plexus
branches of nerves (dendrites), generate impulse when shaft is move-feel touch
46
sebaceous oil glands
simple branched acinar, connected to hair follicles/some locations open to surface (lips, penis, labia, eyes), secrete sebum
47
sebum
mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts
48
sebum functions
coats hairs (prevents drying), regulates evaporation, keeps skin soft, bactericidal
49
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands through hair follicles or pores on surface of skin
50
types of sudoriferous glands
eccrine apocrine
51
eccrine sweat glands
simple, coiled, tubular glands (more common), located in the deep dermis, mostly water, urea, ammonia, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid
52
functions of eccrine glands
body temperature regulation (thermoregulation)-thermoregulatory sweating
53
insensible perspiration
evaporates before it is perceived
54
sensible perspiration
sees and feel nmoisture on skin
55
emotional sweating
fear or embarassment
56
apocrine sweat glands
simple coiled tubular glands, have larger ducts, in armpit, groin, areolae, secretes via exocytosis and opens onto hair follicle, dont function until puberty, appears milky, (bacteria metabolize sweat-musky odor), emotional sweat/sexual activites
57
ceruminous glands
produce cerumen, secrete on surface or into sebaceous glands, waterproof ear canal/protection, deep to sebaceous glands
58
cerumen
earwax
59
nails
tightly packed keratinized cells
60
parts of the nail
nail body, free edge, nail root, lunula, eponychium, hyponychium, nail ned, nail matrix
61
nail body
plate, visible portion of nail
62
free edge
nail body that extends pass digit
63
nail root
nail buried under skin
64
lunula
proximal crescent shaped end
65
eponychium
cuticle, epidermis that adheres to nail wall
66
hyponychium
secures nail to fingertip (distal end)
67
nail bed
below nail plate, no stratum granulosum
68
nail matrix
proximal to nail root, contains dividing cells
69
functions of nails
protect digits, support and counterpressure, grasp objects
70
Thick skin locations
palms, digits, soles
71
thickness of thick skin
0.6-4.5mm
72
layers of thick skin
5 layers- lkucidum present, thicker strata spinosum and corneum C, L, G, S,B (greatest friction occurs)
73
what does and doesn't thick skin have?
ridges are present, no hair, no oil glands, many sweat glands, denser sensory receptors
74
location of thin skin
all other parts that don't have thick skin
75
thickness of thin skin
0.1mm-0.15mm-epidermal thickness
76
layers of thin skin
4 layers- strtum lucidum lacking, thinner strata spinosum and corneum
77
what does and doesn't thin skin have?
no ridges-due to less developed and fewer dermal papillae), has hair, has oil glands, few sweat glands, sparse sensory receptors
78
how does the integumentary system help with thermoregulation?
hot- sweating, dilating blood vessels near surface-->more blood flow cold-sweat decreases, blood vessels constrict, less blood flow- conserve heat. skeleton muscles contract to produce heat (shivering)
79
why is the skin a blood reservoir?
8-10% bv of dermis
80
how does the integumentary system help with protection of the body?
lipids retard water, regulates evaporation, keeps skin/hairs from drying out, recognize and kill bacteria
81
cutaneous sensation
tickle, vibration, pressure, temp, pain
82
excretion and absorption
excretes sweat and absorbs topical medications etc.
83
how does the skin synthesize vitamin D?
precursor molecules activated by UV rays-->enzyme in liver and kidneys use UV to make Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)

BIOL 235 Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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