Chapter 5 Key Issues

Question 1

language

Answer 1

system of communication

Question 2

centripetal

Answer 2

force unify people

Question 3

centrifugal

Answer 3

force pushing people apart

Question 4

why difficult to document # of lang.

Answer 4

hard counting lan. in asia & africa

Question 5

institutional lan.

Answer 5

used in edu., work, mass media, govern.

Question 6

developing lan.

Answer 6

daily use of people all ages

Question 7

vigorous lan.

Answer 7

daily use of people all ages but lacks literary tradition

Question 8

threatened lan.

Answer 8

face to face communication losing users

Question 9

dying lan.

Answer 9

used by old and not transmitted to young

Question 10

literary tradition

Answer 10

written and spoken

Question 11

language family

Answer 11

collection of lan. related thru common lan. that existed before recorded history

Question 12

language branch

Answer 12

lan. within family related thru common lan. from several thousand years (difference not as old as lan. fam.)

Question 13

language group

Answer 13

collection of lan.within branch sharing common origin in recent past
have common grammar/vocab

Question 14

% of people speaking one of seven language families

Answer 14

90%

Question 15

origin/diffusion of romance language

Answer 15

diffuse by importance of city of Rome 200 years ago

Question 16

common ancestry of indo-european lan.

Answer 16

proto-indo-european

Question 17

nomadic warrior theory

Answer 17

first proto-indo-europeans were kurgan (spread thru expansion)

Question 18

sedentary farmer theory

Answer 18

first proto-indo-european speakers were turkish (spread thru agriculture)

Question 19

german invasion

Answer 19

brought English to British isles thru invasion

Question 20

Norman invasion

Answer 20

nobles spoke French but citizens spoke english->
english>french

Question 21

diffusion of english

Answer 21

people of England migrating/ establishing colonies

Question 22

lingua franca

Answer 22

language of international comm. such as english

Question 23

english on internet

Answer 23

50% internet content in english

Question 24

chinese

Answer 24

next lingua franca

Question 25

official language

Answer 25

used by govern. to enact legislation, publish doc, conduct public business

Question 26

working language

Answer 26

designated by international organization as its primary means of comm.

Question 27

informal language

Answer 27

new lan. being created thru mixing english with other lan.

Question 28

franglais

Answer 28

french & english

Question 29

spanglish

Answer 29

spanish & english

Question 30

denglish

Answer 30

german & english

Question 31

pidgin

Answer 31

no native speakers mix of 2 lan. by learning each others vocab/grammar and mixing

Question 32

dialects defined w/

Answer 32

vocab, spelling, pronounciation

Question 33

subdialect

Answer 33

2 subdialects of same dialect share few difference

Question 34

why English dialects differ

Answer 34

lack of spatial interaction

Question 35

standard language

Answer 35

dialect that is well establish & widely used as suited for govern., business, edu., mass comm.

Question 36

Received Pronounciation (RP)

Answer 36

dialect used by politicians, broadcasters, actors

Question 37

south us dialects

Answer 37

half -> "ha-af" mine -> "mi-yan

Question 38

north us dialects

Answer 38

dropping the /r/ sound (heart -> "hot")

Question 39

appalachian us dialects

Answer 39

pronouncing "hollow" -> "holler" double negatives "ain't nothing"

Question 40

African American English (AAVE)

Answer 40

african americans in racist areas preserve red their distinctive dialect

Question 41

creolized languages

Answer 41

language resulting from mix of colonizer's lan. w/ indigenous lan. of people being dominated

Question 42

mutual intelligibility

Answer 42

ability of people speaking in 2 wats to readily understand each other without prior familiarity

Question 43

language vary by gender

Answer 43

feminine/masculine grammar, men/women different word choice

Question 44

2 causes of lan. dying

Answer 44

children are not learning, remaining speakers use it less

Question 45

2 competing trends w/ language patterns

Answer 45

globalization, local diversity

Question 46

isolated language

Answer 46

language unrelated to any other language

Question 47

globalization leading to lan. loss

Answer 47

people choose pop. language > indigenous

Question 48

why people interested in saving lan.

Answer 48

lan. offer insight into culture of places