Chapter 5: Learning

Question 1

Define Learning

Answer 1

Systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Question 2

Define Behaviorism

Answer 2

Theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors. Discounts importance of mental activity

Question 3

What are the main two types of learning

Answer 3

Associative learning and conditioning and Observational learning.

Question 4

Define Associative learning and conditioning’s: Classic Conditioning

Answer 4

Association between two stimuli

Question 5

Define Associative learning and conditioning’s: Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

Association between behavior and consequence

Question 6

Define Observational learning

Answer 6

Observing and imitating another’s behavior

Question 7

Define Classic Conditioning Reflex

Answer 7

Automatic, without prior learning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
• Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 8

Define Classic Conditioning Learning

Answer 8

Association, after pairing of stimuli

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 9

Define Classical Conditioning Acquisition

Answer 9

Learning of connection between Unconditioned Stimuli (US) and Conditioned Response (CS)

Question 10

What is Continguity

Answer 10

Unconditioned Stimuli and Conditioned Stimuli close in time

Question 11

What is Contingency

Answer 11

Conditioned Stimuli as reliable indicator of Unconditioned Stimuli

Question 12

Define Generalization of Classical Conditioning

Answer 12

Stimulus similar to Conditioned Stimulus elicits response similar to Conditioned Response

Question 13

Define Discrimination of Classical Conditioning

Answer 13

Process of learning to respond only to some stimuli

Question 14

Define Extinction

Answer 14

Weakening of Conditioned Response when Unconditioned Stimulus is absent

Question 15

Define Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

Recurrence or Conditioned Response after time delay, without further conditioning

Question 16

Define Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Answer 16

Explain voluntary behaviors

Question 17

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 17

• Positive outcomes strengthen behavior

- Negative outcomes weaken behavior

Question 18

What is the Skinner Box

Answer 18

• Controlled conditions to study operant conditioning

- Operant (Lever press by rat) = Consequence (food)

Question 19

Define Shaping

Answer 19

Rewarding approximations of desired behaviors

Question 20

Define Positive reinforcement

Answer 20

Presentation (adding) of something pleasant

Question 21

Define Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

Removal (taking away) of something unpleasant

• Avoidance Learning
  
  • Learned Helplessness

Question 22

What is the difference between Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 22

Innately satisfying vs. positive value acquired though experience. Ex) Token Economies

Question 23

Define Generalization in reinforcement

Answer 23

Performing reinforced behavior in different situation

Question 24

Define Discrimination in reinforcement

Answer 24

Responding to signal that behavior will (or will not) be reinforced

Question 25

Define Extinction in reinforcement

Answer 25

Behavior no longer reinforced decreased in frequency

Question 26

Define Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 26

Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Question 27

Define Partial Reinforcement

Answer 27

Reinforcer follows behavior only a portion of the time

Question 28

Differences in Partial Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 28

- Ratio (number of behaviors) vs. Interval (time elapsed) | - Fixed (predictable) vs. Variable (unpredictable)

Question 29

Define Fixed ratio

Answer 29

Base on set number of behaviors

Question 30

Define Variable Ratio

Answer 30

Based on average (unpredictable) number of behaviors

Question 31

Define Fixed interval

Answer 31

Rewarding behavior after fixed amount of time passes

Question 32

Define Variable Interval

Answer 32

Rewarding after variable amount of time passes