Chapter 5 Learning and Creativity

Question 1

What is Learning?

Answer 1

Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.

Question 2

What are some details of Learning?

Answer 2

With learning comes change
Change must be relatively permanent
Learning takes place as a result of practice or through experience

Question 3

What does Operant Conditioning describes?

Answer 3

Operant conditioning describes how learning takes place when the learner recognizes the connection between a behavior and its consequences

Question 4

What are some Learning Desired Behaviors?

Answer 4

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Question 5

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 5

Increases the probability that a behavior will occur by administering positive consequences to employees who perform the behavior.

Question 6

What are some examples of Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 6

Titles Awards
Money Acknowledgements
Promotion Compliments
Career Advance

Question 7

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 7

Increases the probability that a behavior will occur by removing negative consequences when an employee performs the behavior.

Question 8

What are some examples of Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 8

Remove bad review

Stop complaining about employee

Question 9

What is Reinforcement through Operant Conditioning?

Answer 9

The process by which the probability that a desired behavior will occur is increased by applying consequences that depend on the behavior in question.

Question 10

What are the steps in Reinforcement through Operant Conditioning?

Answer 10

Step 1:- Identify desired behaviors to be encouraged

Step 2:- Decide How to reinforce the behavior

Question 11

How to Discourage Undesired Behaviors?

Answer 11

Extinction

Punishment

Question 12

What are the differences between Negative Reinforcement and Punishment?

Answer 12

Punishment reduces the probability of an undesired behavior
Negative Reinforcement increases the probability of a desired behavior
Positive Reinforcement involves administering a negative consequence when an undesired behavior occurs
Negative Reinforcement entails removing a negative consequence when a desired behavior occurs

Question 13

In Operant Conditioning, What are Antecedents?

Answer 13

Antecedents are anything that tells employees about desired and undesired behaviors and their consequences. Antecedents can be Desired organizational behaviors or Undesired organizational behaviors.

Question 14

What are the Consequences of Desired Organizational Behaviors?

Answer 14

Positive Reinforcement - Administering positive consequences to employees who perform the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement - Removing negative consequences when employees perform the behavior.

Question 15

What are the Consequences of Undesired Organizational Behaviors?

Answer 15

Extinction - Removing whatever is currently reinforcing the behavior
Punishment - Administering negative consequences to employees who perform the behavior

Question 16

What is Organizational Behavior Modification?

Answer 16

OB MOD is the systematic application of the principles of operant conditioning for teaching and managing organizational behavior

Question 17

What are the steps in OB MOD?

Answer 17

1. Identify important organizational behavior
2. Measure the frequency of the behavior
3. Analyze antecedents and consequences
4. Intervene
5. Evaluate for performance improvement and continue interventions until problem is solved

Question 18

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 18

A learning theory that takes into account the fact that thoughts and feelings influence learning

Question 19

What are the Necessary components of the Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 19

Vicarious learning when the learner observes and imitates a model
Self-control learning to perform a behavior even by setting a goal and engaging in self-reinforcement when the goal is reached
Self-efficacy – leads the learner to believe he or she can perform successfully

Question 20

How does the Social Cognitive Theory work?

Answer 20

Information gets to the learner. The learner adopts the material through either Vicarious Learning, Control, or Self-Efficacy. After adopting the material the Learner changes behavior.

Question 21

What is Vicarious Learning?

Answer 21

Learning that occurs when one person (the learner) learns a behavior by watching another person (the model) perform the behavior

Question 22

What are some Examples of Vicarious Learning?

Answer 22

Role playing
Demonstrations
Training films
Physicians learn vicariously by watching skilled physicians treat patients

Question 23

What is Self-Control Learning?

Answer 23

Learning to perform a behavior even though there is no external pressure to do so.

Question 24

How does Social cognitive theory acknowledge Self-Control Learning?

Answer 24

Social cognitive theory acknowledges that people can learn on their own by using self-control

Question 25

What is Self-Efficacy?

Answer 25

Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior successfully

Question 26

What causes an increase (sources) in self-efficacy?

Answer 26

Past performance Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion – by leaders Individual readings of their internal physical states

Question 27

What is Learning by Doing?

Answer 27

Experiential Learning Direct involvement in subject matter - Hands-on training

Question 28

What is Creativity?

Answer 28

Creativity is the generation of novel and useful ideas. Creativity is a process. When people are being creative, they are engaged in continuous learning. Why? Mastery makes you available at various markets Creative solutions – problem solving – enhancing quality What does it take to be creative? Taking risks

Question 29

What is Innovation?

Answer 29

Innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas.

Question 30

What are the Five Steps of the Creative Process?

Answer 30

``` Recognition of a problem or opportunity Information gathering Production of creative ideas Selection of creative ideas Implementation of creative ideas ```

Question 31

What are the Determinants of Creativity?

Answer 31

The Characteristics of Employees and the Characteristics of the Organizational Situation are Determinants of Creativity.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of employees that are Determinant of Creativity?

Answer 32

``` Individual differences Task relevant knowledge Intrinsic motivation • OCEAN - Open to new experiences • Internal locust of control (they control their outcomes) • High self esteem ```

Question 33

What are the Characteristics of the Organizational Situation that are Determinants of Creativity?

Answer 33

Level of autonomy Form of evaluation Reward System Importance of a task

Question 34

What are the additional Characteristics of the Organizational Situation that are Determinants of Creativity?

Answer 34

Learning Orientation Culture Diversity among employees Positive and Fun working environment Motivated Employees

Question 35

What are the components of The Learning Organization?

Answer 35

Organizational Learning | Knowledge Management