Chapter 5: Lipids

Question 1

Adipocytes

Answer 1

Fat cells

Question 2

Adipose Tissue

Answer 2

Body fat tissue

Question 3

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Answer 3

a vital omega-3 fatty acid (PUFA) that contains eighteen carbon atoms and three carbon-carbon double bonds (18:3)

Question 4

Chain Length

Answer 4

the number of carbons that a fatty acid tail contains. Foods contain fatty acids with chain lengths of four to twenty four carbons, and most have an evennumber of carbons

Question 5

Cholesterol

Answer 5

A waxy lipid (sterol) whose chemical structure contains multiple hydrocarbon rings

Question 6

Choline

Answer 6

A nitrogen-containing compound that’s a part of phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid. choline is additionally a part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The body synthesizes choline from the essential amino acid methionine

Question 7

Chylomicron

Answer 7

a large lipoprotein particle synthesized in intestinal cells following the absorption of dietary fats. A chylomicron has a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol enclosed by phospholipids and proteins

Question 8

Cis fatty acid

Answer 8

Unsaturated fatty acid in which the hydrogens encompassing a double a are both on the identical side of the carbon chain, causing a bend within the chain. Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis fatty acids

Question 9

Conjugated linolic acid

Answer 9

A polyunsaturated fatty acid in which the position of the double bonds has moved, so one bond alternates with 2 double bonds

Question 10

Desaturation

Answer 10

Insertion of double bonds into fatty acids to convert them into new fatty acids

Question 11

Diglycerides

Answer 11

Molecules composed of glycerol combined with 2 fatty acids

Question 12

Eicosanoids

Answer 12

a class of hormone-like substances synthesized in the body from long-chain fatty acids

Question 13

Elongation

Answer 13

Addition of carbon atoms to fatty acids to elongate them into new fatty acids

Question 14

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 14

The fatty acids that the body requires but cannot synthesize, and that should be obtained from diet

Question 15

Ester

Answer 15

A chemical combination of an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) and an alcohol. once hydrogen from the alcohol combines with the acid’s hydrogen and oxygen, water is discharged and an ester linkage is created. A triglyceride is an ester of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

Question 16

Esterification

Answer 16

A condensation reaction within which an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) combines with an alcohol with the loss of water, making an ester bond

Question 17

Fat Replacers

Answer 17

Compounds that imitate the functional and sensory properties of fats, however contain less bioavailable energy than fats

Question 18

Fatty Acids

Answer 18

Compounds containing a protracted hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the opposing end

Question 19

Glycerol

Answer 19

an alcohol that contains 3 carbon atoms, each

Question 20

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 20

The blood lipoproteins that contain high levels of protein and low levels of triglycerides. Synthesized primarily within the liver and smallintestine, HDL picks up cholesterol discharged from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins

Question 21

Hydrogenation

Answer 21

A chemical reaction during which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon-carbon double bonds, changing them to single bonds. hydrogenation of monosaturated and unsaturated fatty acids reduces the amount of double bonds the contain, thereby making them more saturated

Question 22

Hydrophilic

Answer 22

readily interacting with water (literally, “water-loving”). deliquescent compounds are polar and soluble in water

Question 23

Hydrophobic

Answer 23

Insoluble in water

Question 24

Lipoprotein

Answer 24

that transport lipids within the humour and blood. They comprises a central core of triglycerides and sterol encircled by a shell composed of proteins and phospholipids. the various forms of lipoproteins differ in size, composition, and density

Question 25

Lipoprotein lipase

Answer 25

the main accelerator liable for thee hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides

Question 26

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 26

The cholesterol-rich lipoproteins / adipoproteins that result from the bMicelles ~ Small emulsified fat packets which can enter enterocytes. The complexes are composed of surfactant molecules orientated with their hydrophobic half facing inward and their hydrophilic half facing outward toward the encompassing aqueous surroundings Breakdown and removal of triglycerides from intermediate-density lipoprotein within the blood

Question 27

Monoglycerides

Answer 27

Molecules composed of glycerol combined with one fatty

Question 28

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Answer 28

A lipid in which the carbon chain contains one double bond (either cis or trans)

Question 29

Nonessential Fatty Acids

Answer 29

The fatty acids that your body will build once they are required. it's not necessary to consume them in the diet

Question 30

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Answer 30

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the third and fourth carbon atoms

Question 31

Omega-6 fatty acid

Answer 31

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms

Question 32

Omega-9 fatty acid

Answer 32

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the ninth and tenth carbon atoms

Question 33

Oxidation

Answer 33

oxygen attaches to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. Rancid fats are oxidised fats

Question 34

Phosphate group

Answer 34

A chemical functional group (-PÒ) on a bigger molecule where the phosphate atom is single-bonded to each of the four oxygens, and also the otherbond of 1 of the oxygens is connected to the remainder of the molecule. usually hydrogen atoms are connected to the oxygens. typically there are double bonds between the phosphate and an oxygen atom

Question 35

Phytosterols

Answer 35

Sterols found in plants. Phytosterols are poorly absorbed by humans and scale back enteric absorption of sterol. they have been used as a sterol-lowering food ingredient

Question 36

Polyunsaturated fatty acyl

Answer 36

A fatty acid molecule in which the carbon chain contains 2 or more than a few double bonds

Question 37

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 37

A fatty acyl fully filled by protons with all carbons within the chain coupled by single bonds

Question 38

Squalene

Answer 38

A cholesterin precursor found in whale liver and plants

Question 39

Sterols

Answer 39

A class of lipids that has cholesterol. Sterols are hydrocarbons with 3 rings in their structures

Question 40

Subcutaneous Fat

Answer 40

Fat stores beneath the skin

Question 41

Trans Fatty Acids

Answer 41

Unsaturated fatty acids in which the hydrogens encompassing a double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain. This straightens the chain, and therefore the fatty acid becomes more solid

Question 42

Triglycerides

Answer 42

composed of 3 fatty acyl chains joined to a glycerol molecule

Question 43

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 43

A fatty acyl chain in which the carbon chain contains one or a lot of double bonds

Question 44

Very low density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

Answer 44

The triglyceride-rich lipoproteins created in the liver. Very Low Density Lipoprotein enters the blood and is gradually acted upon by lipoprotein lipase, releasing triacylglycerides to body cells

Question 45

Visceral Fat

Answer 45

Fat stores that cushion body organs