Chapter 13: Trace Minerals

Question 1

Albumin

Answer 1

A polypeptide that circulates within the blood and functions in the circulatory transport of the many minerals and a few chemical compounds

Question 2

Ceruloplasmin

Answer 2

A copper-dependent catalyst responsible for the oxidation of ferrous ion (Fé+) to ferric ion (Fě+), enabling iron to bind to transferrin. additionally referred to as ferroxidase I

Question 3

Chelation therapy

Answer 3

Use of a chelator (e.g., EDTA) to bind metal ions to get rid of them from the body

Question 4

Cretinism

Answer 4

A inborn condition usually caused by severe iodine deficiency throughout gestation, that is characterized by attenuated physical and mental development

Question 5

Crohn’s Disease

Answer 5

A malady that causes inflammation and ulceration on sections of the internal organ tract

Question 6

Cytochromes

Answer 6

heme proteins that transfer electrons within the electron transport chain through the alternate oxidation and reduction of iron

Question 7

Ferric Iron (Fě+)

Answer 7

The oxidized form of iron able to be connected to transferrin for transport

Question 8

Ferritin

Answer 8

a complex of iron and apoferritin that’s a significant storage form of iron

Question 9

Ferrous Iron (Fé+)

Answer 9

The reduced kind of iron most typically found in food

Question 10

Fluorosis

Answer 10

dappled discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by prolonged consumption of excessive fluoride-containing compounds

Question 11

Galvanized

Answer 11

Iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc plated onto it to guard against corrosion

Question 12

Goiter

Answer 12

A chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck; sometimes associated with iodine deficiency

Question 13

Goitrogens

Answer 13

Compounds that may induce goiter

Question 14

Hematocrit

Answer 14

percentage volume occupied by packed red blood cells in a centrifuged sample of blood

Question 15

Heme

Answer 15

A chemical complex with a central iron atom (ferric iron Fě+) that forms the oxygen-binding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Question 16

Heme Iron

Answer 16

The iron found in hemoprotein and hemoprotein of animal foods

Question 17

Hemosiderin

Answer 17

an insoluble kind of storage iron

Question 18

Hypogonadism

Answer 18

attenuated functional activity of the gonads (ovaries or testes) with retardation of growth and sexual development

Question 19

Hypothyroidism

Answer 19

The results of a lowered level of circulating thyroid hormone, with attenuation of mental and physical functions

Question 20

Keshan disease

Answer 20

Selenium-deficiency disease that impairs the structure and function of the cardiac system

Question 21

Menkes Syndrome

Answer 21

A genetic defect that ends up in copper deficiency

Question 22

Metalloproteins

Answer 22

Proteins with a mineral cofactor as a vital piece of their structure

Question 23

Metallothionein

Answer 23

an abundant, catalyst, zinc-containing polypeptide

Question 24

Mineralization

Answer 24

The addition of minerals, like calcium and phosphorus, to bones and teeth

Question 25

Minerals

Answer 25

Inorganic compounds required for growth and for regulation of body processes

Question 26

Myelin Sheath

Answer 26

The protecting coating surrounds nerve fibers

Question 27

Myelinization

Answer 27

Development of the myelin sheath, a substance that surrounds nerve fibers

Question 28

Myoglobin

Answer 28

The oxygen-transporting polypeptide of muscle that resembles blood hemoglobin in function

Question 29

Nonheme Iron

Answer 29

The iron in plants as well as the iron in animal foods that are not a part of hemoglobin or hemoprotein

Question 30

Polyphenols

Answer 30

Organic compounds that include an unsaturated ring containing more than one -OH group as a part of their chemical structures; might produce bitterness in caffeinated beverages such as coffee and tea

Question 31

Protoporphyrin

Answer 31

A chemical complex that mixes with iron to create heme

Question 32

Selenocysteine

Answer 32

A selenium-containing amino acid that’s the biologically active variety of selenium

Question 33

Selenomethionine

Answer 33

A selenium-containing amino acid derived from methionine that’s the storage kind of selenium

Question 34

Silicosis

Answer 34

A sickness that results from excess silicon element exposure

Question 35

Thyroglobulin

Answer 35

The storage variety of thyroid hormone inside thyroid gland

Question 36

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 36

Secreted from the pituitary gland at the bottom of the brain, an endocrine hormone that regulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 37

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 37

an iodine-containing protein hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to control the speed of cell metabolism; better-known biochemically as tetraiodothyronine

Question 38

Total Parental Nutrition (TPN)

Answer 38

Feeding an individual by giving all essential nutrients intravenously

Question 39

Transferrin

Answer 39

A peptide synthesized in the liver that transports iron within the blood to the erythroblasts to be used in haem synthesis

Question 40

Transferrin Receptors

Answer 40

specialized receptors on the plasma membrane that bind transferrin

Question 41

Transferrin Saturation

Answer 41

The extent to that transferrin has vacant iron-binding sites (e.g., low transferrin saturation indicates a high proportion of vacant iron-binding sites)

Question 42

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 42

an iodine-containing thyroid hormone with many times the biological activity of tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Question 43

Wilson’s Disease

Answer 43

congenital disease of accumulated copper absorption, that results in poisonous levels within the liver and heart