Chapter 5 long term memory Flashcards
what is working memory
the brief, immediate memory for material we are currently processing
What is long term memory
the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your life
what is episodic memory
your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backwards in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life
what is semantic memory
your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information
what is procedural memory
your knowledge about how to do something
what is encoding
when you process information and represent it in your memory
what is retrieval
you locate information in storage, and you access that information
levels-of-processing approach/depth-of-processing approach
Craik and Lockhart 1972
deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow processing
what is distinctiveness
stimulus that is different from previous memory traces
what is elaboration
deep processing that involves the connection of meaning and interrelated concepts
what is the self-reference effect
you remember more information if you try to relate it to yourself
factors responsible for the self-reference effect
the sled provides a set of cues
encourage considering personal traits connections
elaboration
material associated with the self is rehearsed
what is the encoding-specificity principle
Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding
Learning something in a classroom will be easer to recall the info in that classroom
Types of tasks on encoding specificity
recall task vs. recognition task
real-life vs. laboratory
short delay vs. long delay
Levels of processing and encoding specificity
Encoding can override level of processing
Bransford and colleagues (1979)
Rhyming tasks
Semantic processing is effective when retrieval is deeper
What is retrieval
The process that allows you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information
Explicit memory tasks
Recall and recognition
knowing what is happening
Implicitly memory tasks
Assesses memory indirectly
Memory is revealed without conscious effort to remember
- word completion & repetition priming task
what is dissociation
When a variable has large effects on test A, but little or no effects on test B
Or one effect on test A and an opposite effect on test B
Implicit memory illustrates that…
People often know more than they can reveal in actual recall
Contest-specific nature of expertise
A strong positive correlation between knowledge about an area and memory performance in that area
How do experts and novices differ?
Knowledge structure, reorganize new material for recall, vivid visual images, distinctive of each stimulus, strategic, reconstructing missing info, predicting difficulty of a task
What is Own-Ethnicity Bias
More accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another
What is amnesia
A severe deficit in episodic memeory
