Chapter 5 - Nervous, Skeletal, And Muscular Systens

Question 1

Human movement system (HMS)

Answer 1

Collective components and structures that work together to move the body: nervous, skeletal and muscular systems

Question 2

Kinetic chain

Answer 2

Concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

Question 3

Nervous system

Answer 3

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing communication network within the human body

Question 4

Neuron

Answer 4

Specialized cell, functional unit of nervous system

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Cellular structure or organelles that contains the majority of the cells genetic material in form of chromosomes

Question 6

Organelles

Answer 6

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

Question 8

Effector sites

Answer 8

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Question 9

Electrolytes

Answer 9

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Question 10

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 10

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 11

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Question 12

Afferent pathway

Answer 12

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Question 13

Efferent pathway

Answer 13

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Question 14

Interneurons

Answer 14

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Question 15

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 15

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Question 16

Somatic nervous system

Answer 16

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Question 17

Automatic nervous system

Answer 17

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

Question 18

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Question 19

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Question 20

Sensory function

Answer 20

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Question 21

Proprioception

Answer 21

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Question 22

Integrative function

Answer 22

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

Question 23

Motor function

Answer 23

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

Question 24

Muscle spindles

Answer 24

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 25

Stretch reflex

Answer 25

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Question 26

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 26

specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Question 27

Joint receptors

Answer 27

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 28

Neuroplasticity

Answer 28

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

Question 29

Neurocircuity

Answer 29

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Question 30

Skeletal system

Answer 30

A description of the bones of the body

Question 31

Osteoporosis

Answer 31

A condition of reduced bone material density, which increases risk of bone fracture

Question 32

Joints

Answer 32

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

Question 33

Axial skeleton

Answer 33

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Question 34

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 34

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

Question 35

Levers

Answer 35

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

Question 36

Remodeling

Answer 36

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Question 37

Osteoclasts

Answer 37

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Question 38

Osteoblasts

Answer 38

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Question 39

Wolff's law

Answer 39

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

Question 40

Depressions

Answer 40

Flattened or intended portions of bone

Question 41

Vertebral column

Answer 41

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic and lumbosacrao regions

Question 42

Spinal cord

Answer 42

Bundle of nerves housed within vertebrae

Question 43

Osteokinematics

Answer 43

Movement of a limb that is visible

Question 44

Arthrokinematics

Answer 44

Description of joint surface movement; consists of 3 major types: roll slide, and spin

Question 45

Synovial joints

Answer 45

Joint with fluid-filled joint capsule

Question 46

Nonaxial

Answer 46

Gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

Question 47

Nonsynovial joints

Answer 47

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in uniting structure

Question 48

Ligament

Answer 48

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Question 49

Collagen

Answer 49

Protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

Question 50

Elastin

Answer 50

Protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

Question 51

Skeletal muscle

Answer 51

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

Question 52

Fascia

Answer 52

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

Question 53

Epimysium

Answer 53

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

Question 54

Fascicles

Answer 54

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

Question 55

Perimysium

Answer 55

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

Question 56

Endomysium

Answer 56

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Question 57

Glycogen

Answer 57

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

Question 58

Myogloban

Answer 58

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

Question 59

Myofibrils

Answer 59

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

Question 60

Myofilaments

Answer 60

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

Question 61

Actin

Answer 61

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

Question 62

Myosin

Answer 62

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

Question 63

Sarcomere

Answer 63

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Question 64

Z-line

Answer 64

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

Question 65

Action potential

Answer 65

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Question 66

Neurotransmitters

Answer 66

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

Question 67

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 67

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

Question 68

Power stroke

Answer 68

Myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filamentspast each othern shortening the muscle

Question 69

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 69

High-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of my body

Question 70

Resting length

Answer 70

Length of a muscle when it's not actively contacting or being stretched

Question 71

Type I muscle fiber

Answer 71

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

Question 72

Type II muscle fibers

Answer 72

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

Question 73

All-or-nothing principle

Answer 73

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

Question 74

Capillaries

Answer 74

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.