chapter 5: perceiving objects and scenes

Question 1

caveat

Answer 1

remember though how easily machines can be fooled

Question 2

inverse projection problem

Answer 2

task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina, 2D retina, we have to make a prediction or inference of what an object is

Question 3

viewpoint invariance

Answer 3

seeing the same object from different angles

Question 4

perceptual organization

Answer 4

the process by which elements in a person’s visual field become perceptually grouped and segregated to create a perception

Question 5

structuralists

Answer 5

thought of as legos, pieces of what you see are built together

Question 6

what are the two arguments against structuralism ?

Answer 6

apparent movement and illusory contours

Question 7

apparent movement

Answer 7

the perception of movement when something is actually stationing

Question 8

illusory contours

Answer 8

apparent edge, perceiving edges that are not physically present the image

Question 9

law of continuity

Answer 9

straight or curving lines when connect, partially covered objects still seen as continuing

Question 10

law of pragnanz

Answer 10

every pattern is seen in such a way that the result is as simple as possible, the simpler the better

Question 11

law of similarity

Answer 11

similar things appear to be grouped together

Question 12

law of proximity

Answer 12

things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

Question 13

law of common fate

Answer 13

things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

Question 14

law of common region

Answer 14

elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

Question 15

law of uniform connectedness

Answer 15

a connected region of the same property (lightness, color, texture, or motion) is perceived as a single unit

Question 16

border ownership

Answer 16

shifts with each figure or percept

Question 17

figure ground segregation

Answer 17

figural cues determine how an image is segregated into figure and ground, lower visual field seen as figure

Question 18

concave vs convex

Answer 18

areas on the convex side are seen as the figure

Question 19

neons

Answer 19

shapes or parts of an object that make something whole

Question 20

at how many seconds can someone start recognizing objects ?

Answer 20

67 ms

Question 21

what are the global image features ?

Answer 21

1. degree of naturalness
2. degree of openness
3. degree of roughness
4. degree of expansion
5. color

Question 22

semantic regularities

Answer 22

characteristics associated with activities that are common in different types of scenes, scene schemas

Question 23

who developed the theory of unconscious inference ?

Answer 23

helmholtz

Question 24

unconscious inference

Answer 24

Perception is a result of unconscious assumptions or inferences about the environment, now called prediction

Question 25

likelihood principle

Answer 25

the object we perceive is the most likely one based on the stimuli received (sensed)

Question 26

bayesian inference

Answer 26

prior beliefs + reality = conclusion

Question 27

prior

Answer 27

initial estimate of probability of outcome, belief and expectation

Question 28

likelihood

Answer 28

available evidence is consistent with outcome

Question 29

predictive coding

Answer 29

neurons high in the hierarchy are in charge of high level predictions, predicted probabilities → top down processing, if high neurons match low neurons (low probability error), if high neurons don't match (high probability error)

Question 30

dorsal pathway

Answer 30

where and how

Question 31

ventral pathway

Answer 31

what

Question 32

re-entrant modulation

Answer 32

enhancement of something like an object or sound

Question 33

induced activity

Answer 33

brain waves not time locked to an activity, not triggered by a stimulus

Question 34

evoked activity

Answer 34

time locked to stimuli

Question 35

what are two cases of evoked activity ?

Answer 35

ERPs (event related potentials) and SSVEPs (steady state visual evoked potential)

Question 36

ERPs (event related potentials)

Answer 36

related to the 5 senses, time locked to a stimulus

Question 37

SSVEPs (steady state visual evoked potential)

Answer 37

consistent or repetitive stimulation, brain oscillates at same frequency as shown in SSVEPs

Question 38

what are the four categories the brain visualizes objects ?

Answer 38

scenes, faces, bodies, objects

Question 39

part of brain related to scenes

Answer 39

PPA, parahippocampal place area

Question 40

part of the brain related to faces

Answer 40

FFA, fusiform face area

Question 41

part of the brain related to bodies

Answer 41

EBA, extrastriate body area

Question 42

part of the brain related to objects

Answer 42

LOC, lateral occipital complex

Question 43

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

Answer 43

form for motion, voice area, gaze direction, mouth movements, face movements

Question 44

spatial layout hypothesis

Answer 44

not so much places but instead surface geometry or the geometric layout of a scene

Question 45

neural mind reading

Answer 45

using a neural response (example through fMRI) to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking

Question 46

how is neural mind reading done ?

Answer 46

measure voxels (cubes of activity) in the brain, determine a pattern of activity, across multiple voxels in the brain (multivoxel pattern analysis), the decoder then predicts A or B

Question 47

what part of the brain is modular to what it recognizes ?

Answer 47

EBA, extrastriate body area