Chapter 5- Proteins

Question 1

What are amino acids?

Answer 1

The building blocks of proteins

Question 2

How many amino acids are used by the human body?

Answer 2

20

Question 3

What makes the amino acids differ in shape, size, composition, electrical charge, and pH?

Answer 3

The R group, specific to each individual amino acid

Question 4

What does every amino acid have as part of their main structure?

Answer 4

Nitrogen and carboxylic acid groups

Question 5

What are amino acids roles?

Answer 5

Oxidized by for energy (not preferred), incorporated into proteins in the body

Question 6

How many non essential amino acids are there?

Answer 6

11, can be removed from diet and still made from other amino acids

Question 7

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 7

9

Question 8

If we don’t consume enough energy…

Answer 8

the body will sacrifice its own protein from enzymes, muscle, and protein in tissues to make glucose for our nervous system and vital organs

Question 9

All protein gets broken down into what?

Answer 9

amino acids

Question 10

What is an oligopeptide?

Answer 10

peptide bonds with 4-10 amino acids

Question 11

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 11

peptide bond with more than 10 amino acids

Question 12

How do you form a peptide bond?

Answer 12

carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds to the amino group of another

Question 13

What do enzymes do?

Answer 13

work to speed up chemical reactions

Question 14

What do hormones do?

Answer 14

serve as chemical messengers

Question 15

What do antibodies do?

Answer 15

make up our immune system

Question 16

what do cell transporters do?

Answer 16

allow substances to pass into intracellular space and excrete substances

Question 17

What does collagen do?

Answer 17

most abundant type, protein serves as major constituent of bones and teeth

Question 18

How many different carrier for amino acids are there?

Answer 18

6

Question 19

What happens if you consume too much of 1 amino acid?

Answer 19

it can cause a deficiency in other amino acid that uses the same transport

Question 20

Where does every single amino acid have to make a stop at first?

Answer 20

the liver

Question 21

Where is about 90% of the proteins absorbed occur at?

Answer 21

the first 2/3 of the small intestine

Question 22

How many free amino acids leave the stomach?

Answer 22

about 15 percent

Question 23

What breaks down protein in the stomach?

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Question 24

What releases digestive enzymes for protein into the small intestine?

Answer 24

The pancreas

Question 25

What are the metabolic fates of protein?

Answer 25

amino acids contribute to the liver and blood amino acid pool

Question 26

What does an insufficient amount of one amino acid in protein synthesis do?

Answer 26

It may stop or slow the formation of the poly peptide

Question 27

What happens if a nonessential amino acid is missing in protein synthesis?

Answer 27

The cell can make it or obtain it from the pool

Question 28

What happens if an essential amino acid is missing for protein synthesis?

Answer 28

the body may break down some of its own protein to supply the amino acid or the synthesis of the protein will halt and be broken down to recycle amino acids

Question 29

Side effect of athletes who consume little protein

Answer 29

More skeletal muscle protein is catabolized to contribute to amino acid pool

Question 30

When the body breaks down amino acids to be recycled, what happens?

Answer 30

It leaves us with toxic by-products and unstable nitrogen groups are formed

Question 31

What is the general recommendation for protein in the diet of average individuals?

Answer 31

.8 g/kg body weight

Question 32

What is protein quality?

Answer 32

It refers to how well or poorly the protein is used in the body, specifically how well the essential amino acid profile of a protein matches with requirements of the body

Question 33

What are complete proteins?

Answer 33

They have all of the essential amino acids and have at least 20% of their calories from protein

Question 34

What is biological value?

Answer 34

a common method of measuring protein quality, how much protein is absorbed by the digestive tract and is retained in the body for growth and maintenance

Question 35

What are the four primary roles of dietary protein in an athlete's diet related to performance?

Answer 35

1. maximizing gains in muscle mass and strength 2. promoting adaptations in metabolic function 3. preserving lean mass during rapid weight loss 4. structural benefits to other protein-containing non muscle tissues such as tendon and bone

Question 36

What are Branch Chain Amino Acids?

Answer 36

They have a specific structural shape and provide us with an alternative field source that carbs normally would

Question 37

What is the daily protein needs for athletes?

Answer 37

An athlete's needs generally range from 1.2-2 g/kg daily

Question 38

Should there be protein periodization cycling with season timing?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What is muscle protein synthesis?

Answer 39

process of taking amino acids, getting them where they need to go, and building new muscle

Question 40

What factors affect muscle protein synthesis?

Answer 40

Hormones play a role in signaling muscle building and dietary protein interacts with exercise to provide a trigger and substrate for synthesis

Question 41

How much protein is recommended post workout?

Answer 41

about 15-25 g

Question 42

Have higher doses of protein >40 g during exercise recovery show further benefits?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

What are optimal protein sources for athletes?

Answer 43

milk-based protein are superior because they contain leucine and increase muscle strength

Question 44

What types of foods are best before activity?

Answer 44

low-fat, low-fiber, and low to moderate protein

Question 45

Vegetarian athletes have an increased risk of

Answer 45

lower bone mineral density and stress fractures

Question 46

Protein should be eaten...

Answer 46

consistently in small amounts throughout the day