Chapter 5: Short-Term And Working Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

• Processing involved in retaining, retrieving and using info about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills adter original info is no longer present
• Active any time some past experience has effect on way you think or behave now or in future

Question 2

Sensory Memory

Answer 2

Initial stage that holds all incoming info for seconds (or fractions of seconds)

Question 3

Short-Term Memory

Answer 3

Memory mechanisms that can hold limited amount of info for brief period of time

-Holds 5-7 items for 15-20 seconds

Question 4

Long-Term Memory

Answer 4

Large amounts of info for years- decades

Question 5

Control Processes

Answer 5

Active processes that can be controlled by person and that may differ from one task to another

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for purpose of remembering

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

Remembering info stored in LTM

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

Process of storing info in LTM

Question 9

Persistence of vision

Answer 9

Continued perception of visual stimulus

Question 10

Iconic Memory

Answer 10

Visual stimuli that lasts for fraction of second after stimulus is extinguished

Question 11

Echoic Memory

Answer 11

Auditory stimuli that lasts for fraction of second after stimulus is extinguished

Question 12

Whole Report Method

Answer 12

Participants were instructed to report all stimuli they saw in brief presentation

Question 13

Partial Report Method

Answer 13

Participants were instructued to report only some of stimuli in briefly presented display

Question 14

Delayed Partial Report Method

Answer 14

Partial report method with cue tone that was delayed for fraction of second after display was extinguished

Question 15

Decays

Answer 15

Process by which info is lost from memory due to passage of time

Question 16

Recall

Answer 16

Subjects asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

Question 17

Brown and Peterson

Answer 17

Distractor tasks
Confounded vs decay
STM lasts 15-20s

Question 18

Waugh and Norman

Answer 18

16 letter
Report only some with auditory cue
Time vs Intervening digits

Interference is reason we lose information

Question 19

Sternberg

Answer 19

How do we search STM?

• Serial (STM) vs Parallel (LTM)
• Exhaustive (STM) vs Terminating (LTM)

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Combining small units into larger ones, such as when individual words are combined into meaningful sentence
- Used to increase capacity of memory

Question 21

Digit Span

Answer 21

Number of digits a person can remember

• Ericsson and coworkers (1980)- chunking digits into meaningful units

Question 22

Central Executive

Answer 22

• Part of working memory that coordiates activity of phological loop and visuospatial sketch pad
  
  • “Traffic cop”- working memory system

Question 23

Phonological Loop

Answer 23

Verbal and auditory information

- Phonological Store
- Articulatory Rehearsal Process

Question 24

Phonological Store

Answer 24

Holds limited amount fo verbal and auditory info for few seconds

Question 25

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

Answer 25

rehearsal process involved in working memory that keeps items in phonological store from decaying

Question 26

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

Answer 26

Visual and spatial information

Question 27

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model takes into account:

Answer 27

- Dynamic processes involved in cognitions such as understanding language and doing math problems - Fact that people can carry out two tasks simultaneously

Question 28

Working Memory

Answer 28

Limited capacity system for temporrary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

Question 29

Phonological Loop

Answer 29

- Phological Similarity Effect - Word Length Effect - Articulatory Suppression Effect - Unattended Speech Effect

Question 30

Phonological Similarity Effect

Answer 30

An effect that occurs when letter or words that sound similar are confused Ex. T vs P

Question 31

Word Length Effect

Answer 31

Notion that it is more difficult to remember list of long words than list of short words

Question 32

Articulatort Suppression Effect

Answer 32

Interference with operation of phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word Ex. Repeating ‘the’ while carrying out task that requires phonological loop

Question 33

Visual Imagery

Answer 33

Types of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experiences in absence of visual stimulus

Question 34

Mental Rotation

Answer 34

Rotating an image of an object in the mind

Question 35

The Central Executive

Answer 35

- acts as the attention controller- executive attention - controls suppression of irrelevant information - perseveration

Question 36

Persevaration

Answer 36

Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person’s ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking - repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal - prefrontal cortex damage

Question 37

Episodic Buffer

Answer 37

Holds info longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad - Backup store—> communicates with multiple memory systems

Question 38

Funahashi

Answer 38

Singel cell recordings from monkey’s prefrontal cortex during delayed-response task

Question 39

Delayed-Response Task

Answer 39

Task in which info is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested - Used to study short-term memory by testing monkeys ability to hold info about location of food reward during delay

Question 40

Working Memory and the Brain

Answer 40

- Neurons responses when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay - Information remains available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing

Question 41

Working Memory and Neural Dynamics: Stokes

Answer 41

Information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks

Question 42

Activity-silent working memory

Answer 42

Short-term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as mechanism for holding info in working memory - Activity state - Synaptic state

Question 43

Cognitive Control

Answer 43

Set of functions, which allow people to regulate their behavior and attentional resources and to resist the temptation to give in to impulses

Question 44

Reading Span Test

Answer 44

Test used by Daneman and Carpenter to measure reading span

Question 45

Reading Span

Answer 45

Determine individual differences in working memory - 13-16 word sentences that person can read and them correctly remember last words of all sentences