Chapter 7: LTM

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

Process of acquiring info and transferring it into memory

Question 2

Retrieval

Answer 2

Process of remembering info that has been stored in LTM

Question 3

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 3

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other info

Question 4

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 4

Rehearsal that involves thinking about meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

Question 5

Levels of Processing Theory

Answer 5

Idea that memory depends on how info is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow

1. Physical features= shallow processing
2. Rhyming= deeper processing
3. . Fill in the blanks= deepest processing

Question 6

Depth of Processing

Answer 6

Idea that processing that occurs as an iten is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow

Question 7

Shallow Processing

Answer 7

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning

Question 8

Deep Processing

Answer 8

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else

Question 9

Factors that Aid Encoding

Answer 9

• Visual imagery
• Self-reference effect
• Generation effect
• Organization to-be-remembered information
• Relating words to survival value
• Retrieval practice

Question 10

Self-Reference Effect

Answer 10

Memory for word is improced by relating word to self

Question 11

Generation Effect

Answer 11

Memory for material is better when person generates material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it

Question 12

Pair-Associate Learning

Answer 12

Learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and task is to recall other word

Question 13

Testing Effect

Answer 13

Enhanced performance on memory test caused by being testing on material to be remembered

Question 14

Bransford and Johnson

Answer 14

People who sae picture before reading passage vs after reading passage

Question 15

Retrieval Cue

Answer 15

Word or other stimulus that help person remember info stored in memory

Question 16

Cued Retrieval

Answer 16

Procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli
- Retrieval cues most effect when created by person who uses them

Question 17

Proactive Interference

Answer 17

When previously learned info interferes with learning with new info

Question 18

Free Recall

Answer 18

Procedure for testing memory in which participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented

Question 19

Encoding Specificity

Answer 19

Matching context in which encoding and retrieval occur

- Principle that we learn info together

Question 20

State Dependent Learning

Answer 20

Principle that memory is best when a person is in same state for encoding or retrieval

Question 21

Spacing Effect

Answer 21

Advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

Question 22

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 22

When type of task that occurs during encoding matches type of task occurs during retrieval
- Can result in enhanced memory

Question 23

Consolidation

Answer 23

Process that transforms new memories into state in which they are more resistant to disruption

	- Delay enhances consolidation

Question 24

Synaptic Consolidation

Answer 24

Process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over period of minutes

Question 25

Systems Consolidation

Answer 25

Consolidation process that involves gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on large timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

Question 26

Hebb (1948)

Answer 26

Neural record of experience | - Represented by pattern of structural changes that occur at many synapses

Question 27

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 27

Increased firing that occurs in neuron due to prior activity at synapse

Question 28

Standard model of consolidation

Answer 28

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on hippocampus - After encoding, activity of hippocampus fades with

Question 29

Reactivation

Answer 29

Process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory - Activity occurs in network connecting hippocampus and cortex - Results in formation of connections between cortical areas - Says hippocampus is involved in retrieval of recent memories

Question 30

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 30

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as concussion

Question 31

Graded Amnesia

Answer 31

When amnesia is most severe for events that occured just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events

Question 32

Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation

Answer 32

- Hippocampus is acticated during retrival of both recent and remote memories - Response of the hippocampus can change over time

Question 33

Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA)

Answer 33

Procedure for determining pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures

Question 34

Classifier

Answer 34

In MVPA, computer programs designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity

Question 35

Multiple Trace Model Process

Answer 35

Prefrontal cortex: remote memories | Hippocampus: recent and remote (more in posterior hippocampus)

Question 36

Consolidation and Sleep

Answer 36

- Memory consolidation appeats to be enhances during sleep | - Some memories are consolidated more than others

Question 37

Reconsolidation

Answer 37

Process proposed by Nadar and others that occurs when memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated - Memory must be consolidated again, as it was during initial learning - Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again —> reconsolidation

Question 38

Reconsolidation and PTSD

Answer 38

Causes severe emotional responses to traumatic memories - participants reactivated a traumatic memory - drug administered to block amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation of memory - later reactivation of same memory showed lower stress responses

Question 39

Spacing effect

Answer 39

Memory is better for multiple short study sessions