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Bio Exam 3 > Chapter 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 components that makes up the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments

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2
Q

Tendons link the ___ and ___ system

A

Skeletal and muscular

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3
Q

What are tendons?

A

connective tissue that join muscle to bone

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4
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  1. Supports and gives shape to the body.
  2. Protects soft body parts.
  3. Produce blood cells
  4. Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate)
  5. Stores fat.
  6. Along with the muscles, permits flexible
    body movement.
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5
Q

Bones have different types of tissue, they have ____, _____, ______ and _____ that give flexibility

A

calcified tissue = osseous tissue
blood vessels
nerves
colagen fibers

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6
Q

This combination of _____ and _____ make the bone strong but flexible

A

calcified tissue and collagen fibers

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7
Q

This combination of calcified tissue and collagen fibers make the bone ____ but ______

A

strong, flexible

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8
Q

What are the two layers of bone?

A

Compact and spongy bone

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9
Q

What is compact bone

A

dense mineralized outer layer

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10
Q

Calcified = _____

A

osseous

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11
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

inner layer with open network filled with marrow

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12
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

rounded end of the typical long bone, composed mainly of red bone marrow
where blood cells are made

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13
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

shaft of the typical long bone, has a cavity filled with yellow marrow where
fat is stored.

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14
Q

The ____ is a shaft of the typical long bone, has a cavity filled with yellow marrow where fat is stored.

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

The _____ is rounded end of the typical long
bone, composed mainly of red bone marrow
where blood cells are made

A

Epiphysis

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16
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

fibrous outer covering of the bone, contains nerves, blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels.

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17
Q

The _____ is a fibrous outer covering of the bone, contains nerves, blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels.

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

Which part of the bone (Periosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis) functions in bone repair and growth?

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

A long bone, such as the femur of the leg, consists of a shaft and two heads,
or enlarged ends. _____ bone is located on the outer surface of the bone.
______ bone is found in the heads.

A

Compact, Spongy

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20
Q

The structural unit of compact bones is called an ____

A

osteon

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21
Q

An Osteon Consists of ______, mature bone cells,
arranged in concentric rings around a central
canal

A

Osteocytes

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22
Q

How are osteocytes arranged?

A

arranged in concentric rings around a central

canal

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23
Q

Each osteocyte lies within a ______, a small space within the hard matrix

A

Lacuna

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24
Q

Tiny canals, _____, connect nearby lacunae and the central canal

A

canaliculi

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25
Osteoblasts are :
bone forming cells
26
Osteocytes are:
mature bone cells
27
Osteoclasts are:
cells that break down bone
28
What do osteoblasts secrete?
secrete calcified material that surrounds the cells, building bone.
29
In Osteoblasts calcium is removed from blood and put into bones, which results in _______
reduced blood calcium levels
30
In ________ (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes) Calcium is removed from blood and put into bones, reducing blood calcium levels
Osteoblasts
31
Osteoclasts are :
Bone absorbing cells, break down bone, releasing calcium into the blood.
32
Osteoclasts ____ calcium into the blood
release
33
_____ are the bone cells on the outer edge of bones.
osteoclasts
34
______ release enzymes that eat away at the bone, releasing minerals, increasing calcium levels in blood
OSTEOCLASTS
35
Which increases calcium levels in the blood? A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
36
``` Immature cells that secrete calcified material (bone building cells) are: 1. Osteoclasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoblasts ```
Osteoblasts
37
Which bone cell reduces blood calcium levels? 1. Osteoclasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
38
Osteoblasts increase/decrease blood calcium levels: 1. increase 2. decrease
decrease
39
The two regions of cartilage remain where on the long bone?
each end of the bone
40
The ___ that covers the surfaces that rub | against other bones
cap
41
A plate of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate, | or _____
Growth plate
42
What are the two regions of cartilage remain at each end | of the long bone?
Cap, growth plate
43
The skeleton begins to form in the fetus at about | ________
6 weeks
44
_______ are removing the bone matrix while _______ are building the matrix up.
Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts
45
What is ossification?
formation of bones
46
______ directly stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate and bone growth during childhood
Growth Hormone
47
What is Growth Hormone?
directly stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate and bone growth during childhood
48
_____ is converted to a hormone causing the | intestines to absorb calcium.
Vitamin D
49
Vitamin D is
converted to a hormone causing the | intestines to absorb calcium.
50
Thyroid hormones _____
ensure that the skeleton | grow with the proper proportions
51
What are sex hormones?
adolescents experience a growth spurt due to an increased level of hormones, but eventually allow for the closing of the growth plate as well.
52
______ produced by the parathyroid gland - accelerates calcium’s removal from bone, increasing blood calcium.
Parathyroid hormone
53
Calcitonin is:
produced by the thyroid gland - a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels, deposits calcium into the bone.
54
Is calcitonin produced by the parathyroid gland or the thyroid gland?
Thyroid gland
55
_________ is maintaining a balance of | calcium levels in blood and in bone.
homeostasis
56
``` Which hormone ensures that the skeleton grow with the proper proportions 1. Growth hormone 2. Calcitonin 3. Parathyroid hormone 4. Vit D 5. Thyroid hormones ```
5. Thyroid hormones
57
``` Which hormone helps you to absorb calcium from your digestive system 1. Growth hormone 2. Calcitonin 3. Parathyroid hormone 4. Vit D 5. Thyroid hormones ```
4. Vit D
58
This hormone increases blood calcium 1. Growth hormone 2. Calcitonin 3. Parathyroid hormone
3. Parathyroid hormone
59
_______ is flexible connective tissue not as | strong as bone tissue.
cartilage
60
What is the function of cartilage?
cushion joints, flexibility
61
Where is cartilage found?
Found at the ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx and trachea, disks between vertebrae and knee, ear flaps and epiglottis.
62
Cartilage cells are called ______
chondrocytes
63
Cartilage lacks ______, so it is _____ to heal
blood vessels, slow
64
_______ are connective tissue that connects | bone to bone
Ligaments
65
______ are connective tissue that connects | muscle to bone
tendons
66
What are synovial joints?
Freely movable joints held together by ligaments.
67
The ________ produces synovial fluid, an | excellent lubricant for the joints.
Synovial membrane
68
______ are fluid filled sacs, reduce friction
Bursae
69
What are Menisci?
cartilage between the bones, acts as a | cushion
70
Menisci act as a ____ between bones?
cushion
71
The _______ is filled with synovial fluid, which serves as a | shock absorber and lubricant.
joint cavity
72
The joint cavity serves as a ___ and ___
Shock absorber and lubricant
73
This type of connective tissue connects bone to bone 1. Ligaments 2. Tendons
1. Ligaments
74
fluid filled sacs are called: 1. Synovia 2. Menisci 3. Bursae
3. Bursae
75
_____ is deterioration of cartilage at joints.
osteoarthritis
76
_____ is chronic inflammatory | disorder of the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis
77
____ is when ligaments are torn or stretched
Sprain
78
____ is inflammation of bursa
Bursitis
79
______ inflammation of tendon sheath
Tendonitis
80
____ is a broken bone
Fracture
81
_____ is When more bone is reabsorbed than is formed, causing bones to become weak and brittle
Osteoporosis
82
What is the Hyoid bone?
horseshoe-shaped bone underneath the mandible where the tongue and muscles for swallowing are attached.
83
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. protects internal organs B. produces blood cells C. releases stored calcium and phosphorus when the body needs to use them D. produces muscle cells
D. produces muscle cells
84
The ________ bone is the lower jaw in humans. A. maxillae B. scapula C. hyoid D.mandible
D.mandible
85
A condition in which the bone is broken down faster than it is built is known as ________. A. Rheumatoid Arthritis B. Osteoarthritis C. osteoporosis D. Bursitis
C. osteoporosis
86
``` Which of the following covers bone and functions in bone repair and growth? A. endosteum B. periosteum C. epiphysis D. diaphysis ```
B. periosteum
87
``` Which of the following cells form new bone in bone tissue, they are bone building cells? A. osteoblasts B. fibroblasts C. osteocytes D. osteons ```
A. osteoblasts
88
``` Which hormone causes calcium to be released from bone into the bloodstream, increasing blood calcium levels? A. calcitonin B. estrogen D. parathyroid hormone (PTH) E. Boniva ```
D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
89
``` In the osteon, tiny canals connect the central canal to the osteocytes, what are these tiny canals called? A. caudali B. lacuna C. canaliculi D. menisci E. bursae ```
C. canaliculi
90
``` Fluid-filled sacs known as ________ function to cushion certain joints, such as the elbow joint. A. bursae B. Synovia C. canaliculi D. periosteum E. Menisci ```
A. bursae
91
``` The shoulder blades is the _________ bone. A. sternum B. clavicle C. sacrum D. scapula ```
D. scapula
92
``` Which bone is the upper leg bone? A. pelvis B. tibia C. femur D. fibula ```
C. femur
93
``` The bones that make up the digits of the hands or feet (fingers and toes) are known as the ________. A. metatarsals B. carpals C. tarsals D. phalanges ```
D. phalanges

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