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Bio Exam 3 > Chapter 7 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous tissue functions to ____________

A

conduct messages throughout the body.

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2
Q

Nervous system includes: _________

A

Includes nerve tissue and sense organs

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3
Q

Nervous system functions to:

A 
Senses environment – receives 
information from both outside and inside 
the body
Processes the information it receives
Respond to information – sends out 
orders
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4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of _____

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of ______

A

 Nervous tissue outside brain and spinal cord

 Sense organs

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6
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?

A

Neurons and Neuroglial cells

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7
Q

_____ are the cells that are responsible for

transmitting messages

A

neurons

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8
Q

_____ are cells that support the neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

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9
Q

What are the two Divisions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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10
Q

What are the different types of Neuroglial cells ?

A

Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodenrocytes
Schwann cells

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11
Q

_____ are immune system cells, engulf bacteria and cellular debris

A

Microglia

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12
Q

______ provide nutrients to neurons

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

_____ and ______ form myelin sheaths

A

Oligodenrocytes and Schwann cells

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14
Q

What are the different parts of the neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axons

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15
Q

_____ contains the nucleus, main body

of cell

A

cell body

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16
Q

______ are projections from the cell body that carry messages to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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17
Q

_____ are one large projection that carry messages away from the cell body

A

Axon

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18
Q

Neurons in the _____ are either carrying messages to or from the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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19
Q

Neurons in the PNS are either carrying messages ____ or ____ the CNS

A

to, from

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20
Q

Afferent = ___________ = Neurons carrying

messages to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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21
Q

Afferent = Sensory neurons = Neurons carrying

messages to the______

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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22
Q

Efferent = _________ = Neurons carrying messages from the CNS

A

Motor neurons

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23
Q

Efferent = _________ = Neurons carrying messages _____ the CNS

A

from

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24
Q

_____ are located between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

A

Interneurons

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25
Q

Interneurons are located between ______ and ______ neurons within the CNS

A

sensory and motor neurons

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26
Q

Interneurons are located between sensory and motor neurons within the ____

A

CNS

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27
Q

Interneurons ______ and ________ sensory signals

A

integrate and interpret

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28
Q

Interneurons integrate and interpret _______ signals

A

sensory

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29
Q

The afferent or sensory neuron cell bodies are located in ________.

A

dorsal root ganglion

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30
Q

The _________ neuron cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglion.

A

afferent or sensory

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31
Q

The efferent or motor neuron cell bodies are located in the _______

A

gray matter of the spinal cord

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32
Q

__________ neuron cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

A

The efferent or motor

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33
Q

The axons of motor neurons leave the _____ and go to the ________

A

CNS, skeletal muscles

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34
Q

Neurons that have axons covered with _______ that contain the protein myelin are called ________

A

neuroglial cells, myelinated neurons

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35
Q

________ are able to carry messages faster than non-myelinated neurons

A

Myelinated neurons

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36
Q

The main benefit of myelin sheaths is :

A

that myelinated neurons are able to carry

messages faster than non-myelinated neurons

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37
Q

Myelin sheaths from Schwann cells also help with what?

A

regenerate injured PNS neuron axons

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38
Q

Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes are wrapped around _______

A

neuronal axons

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39
Q

Schwann cells are found in the ______

A

PNS

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40
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in the _____

A

CNS

41
Q

_________ are spaces on the axon between the glial cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

42
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are spaces on the axon between the _____

A

glial cells

43
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is caused by ______

A

Caused by the destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons found in the CNS

44
Q 
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is Caused by the destruction of the myelin 
sheath that surrounds axons found in the \_\_\_\_\_
A

CNS

45
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can result in:

A

paralysis and loss of sensation, including loss of vision

46
Q

Nerve contain ______ are bundled together

A

Neuron axons

47
Q

The bundles of nerves containing neuron axons contain the following parts?

A

Axons
Blood vessels
Connective tissue

48
Q

A nerve impulse, or action potential, involves _______ and ________ that cross the cell membrane through the ion channels

A

sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+)

49
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

The difference in charge between the inside
and outside of the neuron is the membrane
potential

50
Q

A neuron that is not conducting a message is

said to be _______

A

“Resting”

51
Q

When a neuron is resting there is more ________ outside the neuron cell and more _______ inside the cell

A

sodium (Na+), potassium (K+)

52
Q

The inside of the cell has a ________ charge compared to the outside the cell

A

negative

53
Q

To maintain this resting membrane potential the neuron pumps ____ out of the cell and _____ into the cell.

A

Na+, K+

54
Q

In the Sodium Potassium Pump, The transport proteins take ____ Na+ ions out for every______ K+ ions into the cell = Na+/K+ pump

A

3, 2

55
Q

The Sodium Potassium Pump is an example of ______

A

Active Transport

56
Q

Does the Sodium Potassium Pump Require ATP?

A

Yes

57
Q

An electrochemical signal conducted along an axon. It is a wave of ________ followed by ________

A

depolarization, repolarization

58
Q

________ is caused by sodium ions entering the axon

A

Depolarization

59
Q

Depolarization is caused by ______ ions entering the axon

A

sodium

60
Q

________ is caused by potassium ions leaving axon

A

Repolarization

61
Q

Repolarization is caused by ______ ions leaving axon

A

potassium

62
Q

In Step 1 of the action potential :
The axon is ______ when voltage gated sodium ion channels open and Na+ comes rushing in, causing the inside of the neuron to become ________ charged

A

depolarized, positively charged

63
Q

In Step 2 of the action potential :
The axon is repolarized when voltage gated ______ ion channels open up and allow ____ to go out of the axon. This returns the membrane potential to be
negative on the inside of the neuron

A

potassium, K+

64
Q

In Step 2 of the action potential :

The action potential ______ the axon

A

travels down

65
Q

After the action potential, the sodium potassium pump ________ by pumping sodium (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) back into the cell

A

restores the original conditions

66
Q

Action potentials are an ________

A

all or nothing response

67
Q

The level of the action potential is _______

A

always the same

68
Q

In action potential, the direction is always _________ the

axon

A

one way down

69
Q

The direction is always one way down the axon. The sodium channels are
inactivated for awhile after the action potential passes this is called the ______

A

refractory period

70
Q

The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle is called a ______

A

synapse

71
Q

What are the 3 components of the synapse?

A

Presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft

72
Q

_______ neuron is the transmitting neuron

A

Presynaptic

73
Q

________ neuron is the receiving neuron or the muscle

A

postsynaptic

74
Q

the gap in between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is called the _____

A

synaptic cleft

75
Q

Presynaptic neuron has ________ that contain neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

76
Q

Acetylcholine Acts in both the PNS and the CNS as a

_______

A

neurotransmitter

77
Q

Acetylcholine causes _______ muscles to contract

A

voluntary

78
Q

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that __________

A

attacks the acetylcholine receptors, resulting in reduced muscle strength

79
Q

Oxygen will be transported by:

  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Both 2 and 3
  5. All of the above
A
  1. Simple diffusion
80
Q

glucose can be transported by:

  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Both 2 and 3
  5. All of the above
A
  1. Both 2 and 3
81
Q

Amino acids can be transported by:

  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Both 2 and 3
  5. All of the above
A
  1. Both 2 and 3
82
Q

Steroids can be transported by:

  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Both 2 and 3
  5. All of the above
A
  1. Simple diffusion
83
Q

Which type of neuron is found only in the brain and spinal cord?

interneuron
glial cell
sensory neuron
motor neuron

A

interneuron

84
Q

Motor neurons conduct messages from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands, these would be _____ neurons.

afferent
efferent

A

efferent

85
Q

Schwann cells form myelinated sheaths in the ____ nervous system.

peripherial
central

A

peripherial

86
Q

The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ____.

spinal cord
dorsal root ganglion

A

spinal cord

87
Q

In myelinated neurons, nerve impulses jump from one exposed region of the axon to another. This exposed region is called the ________.

interneurons
node of Ranvier
motor end plate
Schwann cell gap

A

node of Ranvier

88
Q

Which of these diseases involves the destruction of the myelin sheath on certain neurons within the brain and spinal cord?

Parkinson’s disease
depression
multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease

A

multiple sclerosis

89
Q

When a neuron is resting, this ion has a greater concentration outside the cell:

calcium
chloride
potassium
sodium

A

sodium

90
Q

During depolarization, this ion enters/leaves the cell:

  potassium enters 
  chloride enters 
  chloride leaves 
  potassium leaves 
  sodium leaves 
  sodium enters
A

sodium enters

91
Q

During repolarization, the inside of the cell is becoming

more positive
more negative

A

more negative

92
Q

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

sodium
chloride
calcium
potassium

A

calcium

93
Q

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that acts in both the CNS and PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

94
Q

What ion has to be present in order for the vesicles to release the neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft?

A

Calcium

95
Q

Once Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, what do they bind to, and why?

A

They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron/muscle they generate the next action
potential because they cause the sodium ion channels to open up

96
Q

What happens to the Acetylcholine once the action potential has been generated?

A

Destroy them with enzymes or reuptake

97
Q

The inside of the neuron becomes more _____ when it is depolarizing?

e. Negative
f. Neutral
g. Balanced
h. Positive

A

Positive

98
Q

What are the steps in Transmission across synaptic cleft

A
  1. The action potential gets to the end of the
    presynaptic axon
  2. The action potential triggers Ca2+ to enter
    the presynaptic axon terminal
  3. The Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicles located
    at the axon terminal to merge with the
    neural membrane
  4. The synaptic vesicles release the
    neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
  5. These neurotransmitters travel across the
    synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron
    (or the muscle)
  6. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the
    postsynaptic neuron (or muscle)
  7. These receptors are ligand gated sodium ion
    channels which allow Na+ to enter the
    postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers
    an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron
    (or muscle contraction)
  8. Once the neurotransmitters are released they
    need to be destroyed or contained quickly or
    they will continue to stimulate the nerve

Bio Exam 3 (4 decks)

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