Chapter 5- Skeletal System Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
2
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
3
Q
skull bones
A
-skull (22)= cranial bones (8) + facial bones (14)
4
Q
cranial bones (cranium)
A
enclose the brain in cranial cavity (protects brains)
-cranial vault (calvarium)
-cranial base
provides sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
5
Q
cranial vault
A
- superior, lateral, posterior, anterior skulls
- removed during autopsy
6
Q
cranial base
A
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fosse (rounded depression) of inferior skull
7
Q
facial bones
A
-framework of face
-cavities for special sense
organs for sight, taste, and smell
-openings for air and food passage
-sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression
-protect eyes, nose, and mouth
8
Q
parietal bones and sutures
A
superior aspects of cranial vault 4 sutures: -coronal suture -sagittal suture -lambdoidal suture -squamous (squamosal) suture -pterion
9
Q
coronal suture
A
between parietal bones and frontal bone
10
Q
sagittal suture
A
between right and left parietal bones
11
Q
lambdoidal suture
A
between parietal bones and occipital bone (upside down Y)
12
Q
squamous suture
A
between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
13
Q
pterion
A
where temporal, frontal, sphenoid, and parietal bones meet
14
Q
sphenoid bone
A
keystone bone of cranium
- lies in centre of skull and articulates with all other cranial bones
- has a depression (sella turcica) to house and protect pituitary gland
- has wings for muscle attachments and foramina to allow nerves and blood vessels to pass through it
15
Q
ethmoid bone
A
- deepest bone in skull
- crista galli is a sharp point that anchors dural meninges around the brain
- cribriform plate has foramen for olfactory nerves to pass from nasal cavity to brain
- perpendicular plate extends into nasal cavity forming the superior and middle nasal conchae
- contributes to eye socket
16
Q
hyoid bone
A
- lies inferiorly to mandible
- only bone that does not articulate with any other bone
- anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of temporal bones
- acts as movable base for tongue and neck/larynx muscles (speech/swallowing)
17
Q
vertebral column
A
- comprised of 26 irregular bones arranged to give a flexible, curved structure
- extends from skull to pelvis
- arched to support more weight
18
Q
vertebral column regions
A
- cervical= 7 bones (concave)
- thoracic= 12 bones (convex)
- lumbar= 5 bones (concave)
- sacral= 5 bones (fused) (convex)
- cocyx= 3-4 bones (fused)
19
Q
vertebral structures
A
- body/centrum
- vertebral arch
- vertebral foramina
- intervertebral foramina
20
Q
body/centrum
A
anterior weight-bearing region
21
Q
vertebral arch
A
composed of pedicles and laminae that, along wth centrum, encloses vertebral foramen
22
Q
vertebral foramina
A
make up vertebral canal for spinal cord
23
Q
intervertebral foramina
A
- lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves formed by superior and inferior intervertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
- allow nerves to exit spinal cord
24
Q
vertebral structures
A
- spinous process: projects posteriorly
- transverse processes (2): project laterally
- superior articular processes (2): protrude superiorly
- inferior articular processes (2): protrude inferiorly
25
cervical vertebrae
- very flexible, not very strong
- C1-C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
- C3-C7: oval body
- spinous processes are bifid (split at tip except for C7)
- large, triangular foramen
- transverse foramen in each transverse process fro vessels in your neck (ie; carotid artery)
- C7 is vertebra pro minus (palpable through skin)
26
atlas
C1: no body or sinus process
- anterior and posterior arches and two lateral masses
- superior surface of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles
- no centrum
- movement for "yes"
27
axis
C2: first vertebrae to have a body
- dens projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas. C1 locks onto C2 by the dens
- dens is pivot for rotation of atlas
- movement for "no"
28
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12
- all articulate with ribs at facet and demifacets
- long, spinous process that points inferiorly, for protection
- circular vertebral foramen for spinal cord
- location of articular facets allow for rotation
- T11 and T12 lock transverse costal facets (surface on vertebrae that attach to ribs
29
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5
-biggest, thickest, bears most weight
-very strong, not very flexible
-receives most stress, a shock absorber
-short, thick pedicles and laminae
flat hatchet-shaped spinous process points posteriorly
-vertebral foramen triangular or squished circle
-articular facets locks lumbar vertebra together to prevent rotation
30
sacrum
- formed from 5 bones fused during fetal development
- articulates with surfaces of hip bones
- sacral canal accommodates spinal cord
- sacral foramina allow passage of sacral nerves and blood vessels
31
coccyx
formed from 3-5 smaller bones fused during fetal development
| tail remnant
32
bony thorax
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
33
manubrium
- superior portion
| - articulates with clavicles, scapula and ribs 1 & 2
34
body (midportion)
articulates with costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
35
xiphoid process
- inferior end
- site of muscle attachment
- not ossified until age 40, cartilaginous until then
36
ribs
- 12 pair
| - attached posteriorly to bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
37
ribs 1-7
- true (vertebrosternal) ribs
| - attach directive to sternum by individual costal cartilage
38
ribs 8-12
- false ribs
- 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs
- attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage to rib above
39
ribs 11-12
- vertebral (floating) ribs
- no attachment to sternum
- buried in tissue and muscle
40
pectoral girdle
- incomplete girdle, does not wrap full around body for freedom to move shoulders
- the clavicle and scapula
- attaches upper limb to trunk and provides attachment sites for muscles that move upper limb
41
clavicles
- anchors muscles
- acromial end joins with scapula (lateral)
- sternal end joins with sternum (medial)
- holds scapula and arms out laterally
- most commonly broken bone in body
42
scapula
- on dorsal surface of rib cage between 2 and 7
- 3 borders and 2 angles
- large fosse named according to location
- shovel
43
upper limb
30 bones in each upper limb
- arm
- forearm
- hand
44
humerus
- largest, longest bone of upper limb
- articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
- articulates inferiorly with radius/ulna
45
anatomical neck
closer to the head
46
surgical neck
where humerus breaks more often
47
ulna
- medial bone of forearm
- forms major portion of elbow joint
- longer, less mobile
48
radius
- lateral bone in forearm
- head articulates with humerus and ulna
- forms major joints with carpals
- shorter, more mobile
49
interosseous membrane
connects radius and ulna/tibia and fibula along the entire length
50
hand
-carpals (8)
-metacarpals (5)
-phalanges (14)
1= tumb
5=pinkie
51
pelvic girdle
- complete girdle
- 2 hip bones and sacrum
- less mobile, more stable
- bony pelvis formed by coral bones, sacrum, and coccyx
52
function of pelvic girdle
- attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
- transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
- support/protect pelvic organs
53
os coxae (coxal bone)
3 fused bones
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
54
ilium
- superior region
- articular surface joins with sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
- iliac crest is important for muscle attachment
55
-ischium
- posterioinferior part of hip bone
| - sitting weight on ischial tuberosity
56
pubis
- anterior portion
- joins at pubic symphysis by fibrocartilage
- acetabulum out laterally, where head of femur sits, formed by all 3 bones of os coxae
- obturato foramen for blood vessels and nerves
- sciatic notches where sciatic nerve exits
57
female pelvis
- lighter
- thinner
- tilted more forward
- broader pubic arch 90 degrees or bigger(subpubic angle)
- wider pelvic inlet
- larger sciatic notch (short but wide)
- obturator foramen is smaller and more triangular
58
male pelvis
- heavier
- thicker
- tilted less forward
- less broad pubic arch 90 degrees or smaller
- narrower pelvic inlet
- smaller pelvic arch (tall and thin)
- obturator foramen bigger and less triangular
59
lower limb
-carries entire weight of body
-subjected to exceptional forces
3 segments
-thigh
-leg
-foot
60
femur
- largest and strongest bone of body (many blood vessels)
- 1/4 of a persons height
- articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip
- articulates distally with tibia and patella
- fracture close to head will occur on neck
- greater trochanter important for walking muscle
- patellar surface is where the patella articulates
61
patella
- sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon
| - secures anterior thigh muscles to tibia
62
tibia
- medial leg bone, larger
- receives weight of body from femur
- articulates with femur
63
fibula
- not weight bearing
- does not articulate with femur
- articulates proximally and distally with tibia
64
foot
-support body wight
-acts as lever to propel body forward during motion
-tarsals (7)
-metatarsals (5)
-phalanges (14)
talus is where tibia meets ankle
65
mandible
- largest, strongest bone of face
- only freely movable joint in skull (temporomandibular joint)
- mental foramen allows passage of nerves and blood vessels
66
maxilla
- fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton
- keystone bone of face
67
lacrimal bones
- in medial walls of orbits
| - lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
68
zygomatic bones
inferolateral margins of orbits
69
palatine bones
- L-shaped with horizontal and vertical plates
| - posterior one-third of hard palate
70
vomer
- plow-shaped
| - inferior bony part of nasal septum
71
fontanelle
- soft spots
- Brian grows faster than cranium
- tough connective tissue
- start to close at 1 month and closed by 19-24 months
72
orbit (7)
-cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
-sites of attachment for eye muscles
-formed by:
maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal
frontal
zygomatic
palatine
73
nasal cavity
formed by:
- ethmoid
- palatine
- maxillary
- inferior nasal conchae
74
nasal septum
- divides right and left nasal cavities
| - composed of bone (vomer and ethmoid) and cartilage (septal cartilage)
75
tarsals
- 7 tarsals
- talus is only one articulating with tibia and fibula
- body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus
76
3 arches of foot
- lateral longitudinal
- medial longitudinal
- transverse
