CHAPTER 5 - SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
Osteology
A
Study of bones
2
Q
Arthrology
A
Study of joints
3
Q
Bone’s and Joint’s mechanical and physiological functions
A
- Support: supports weight of body by providing a framework that allows upright posture
- Movement: allows movement by providing a rigid lever system for muscle attachment across joints
- Protection: protects internal organs and soft tissue with bony encasement
- Mineral deposits: stores required minerals in the body and maintains mineral balance in the blood
- Blood cell formation: forms red blood cells within the red bone marrow of the long bones
- Energy reservoir: stores energy in the form of fat in the yellow bone marrow and adipose tissue
4
Q
Number of Bones
A
- 270 bones in babies
- 206 bones in the adult body
5
Q
Composition of Bone
A
- 50% fluid, 50% solid
- In young children the long bones are mainly cartilage which allow them to be flexible and pliable (process finished by between 16-25)
- Inorganic Component: Minerals and salt (such as calcium and phosphate) provides strength and rigidity
- Organic Component: living cells, fibers, and a sticky protein. Provides pliability and flexibility.
6
Q
Bone Groupings
A
- Long Bones
- Short Bones
- Flat Bones
- Irregular Bones
7
Q
Long Bones
A
- Lever for movement
- Longer than they are wide
- Ex: femur and humerus
8
Q
Short Bones
A
- Give strength to joints but with limited mobility
- Cube like bones
- Great deal of stability, strength and shock absorption and allow movement in many directions
- Ex: tarsals (ankle) and carpals (wrist)
9
Q
Flat Bones
A
- Provide a broad site for muscle attachment and protect internal organs
- Broad, thin layers that offer protection but little motion
- Ex: skull, scapula, ribs and sternum
10
Q
Irregular Bones
A
- Protect internal organs and support the body
- Vertebrae make up spine - long weight bearing pillar that supports mass in an upright position and functions as a site for muscle attachment and shock absorption
- Ex: ischium, pubis and vertebrae
11
Q
Parts of the Skeleton
A
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
12
Q
Axial skeleton
A
- Skull, pim, ribs, sternum (breastbone)
- 80 bones
- Longitudinal axis of trunk to which the limbs attach
- Protects vital organs
13
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
- Bones of appendages (limbs), and bony girdles to which they attach
- 126 bones
14
Q
Three Classifications of Joints
A
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
15
Q
Injured Ligament
A
Sprain
16
Q
Fibrous Joint
A
- Connect bones to other bones with fibrous connective tissue and allow little if any movement
- Ex: skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints
- Ex: radius and ulna are held in relation to each other through fibrous tissue
17
Q
Cartilaginous Joint
A
- Bones are separated by cartilage
- Little to no movement and are found where a lot of protection, stability and strength is needed
- Ex: ribs, sternum, and between vertebrae
18
Q
Synovial Joint
A
- Mobile and have cartilage along the surfaces where bones join to reduce friction and absorb shock
- Enclosed by an articular capsule that holds synovial fluid (lubricating fluid produced in synovial membrane) inside the joint cavity
- Three most common types are hinge, ball-and-socket and condyloid
19
Q
Six Types of Synovial Joint
A
- Gliding
- Pivot
- Saddle
- Condyloid
- Ball and Socket
- Hinge
20
Q
Gliding Joint
A
- Allows minimal movement in one plane with restrictions
- Ex: bones in wrist and ankle
21
Q
Pivot Joint
A
- Allows rotation along a long axis
- Ex: radius and ulna (at the elbow) allowing pronation and supination of the forearm
22
Q
Saddle Joint
A
- Allows movement in several directions similar to but greater than condyloid joints
- Ex: thumbs moving in multiple directions
23
Q
Hinge Joint
A
- Movement in one direction or plane of motion
- Ex: elbow and knee joints allowing flexion and extension
24
Q
Condyloid Joint
A
- Allows movement in two different directions or planes of motion
- Ex: knuckles in each finger and in the wrist and ankle
25
Ball and Socket Joint
- Allows movement in three directions
| - Ex. Shoulder and hip joint allowing free movement in all directions
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Three Cardinal Planes of Motion
- Frontal plane: anterior and posterior
- Sagittal plane: left and right side
- Transverse plane: Superior (above) and inferior (below)
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Frontal plane
- Anterior and posterior
- Abduction and adduction
- Ex: lat raise
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Sagittal plane
- Left and right side
- Flexion and extension
- Ex: squat
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Transverse plane
- Superior (above) and inferior (below)
| - Twisting and rotation
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Anterior
Front
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Posterior
Back
32
Medial
Closer to Midline
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Lateral
Farther from Midline
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Superior
Above
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Inferior
Below
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Supine
Face Up
37
Prone
Face Down
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Dorsal
Top of Foot
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Plantar
Bottom of Foot
40
Proximal
End of bone or muscle that is closer to midline of body (torso)
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Distal
End of bone or muscle that is farther from body
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Flexion
Bending a joint (angle decreases)
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Extension
Straightening a joint (angle increases)
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Hyperextension/hyperflexion
Flexion or Extension beyond normal range of motion
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Abduction (protraction)
Bone moves away from midline of body
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Adduction (retraction)
Bone moves back towards midline of body
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Circumduction
- Circular movement
| - Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
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Elevation
- Shrugging shoulders
| - Scapular elevation
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Depression
- Lowering shoulders below anatomical position
| - Scapular retraction
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Medial (internal) rotation
Towards midline
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Lateral (external) rotation
Away from midline
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Supination
External movement (palms face up)
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Pronation
Internal movement (palms face down)
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Inversion
- Ankle joint
| - Medial or inner side turned off ground
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Eversion
- Ankle joint
| - Lateral or outer side turned off the ground
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Dorsi flexion
Flexing foot upward
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Plantar flexion
Flexing foot downward
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Four Major Spine Segments
- Cervical spine: neck
- Thoracic spine: upper back
- Lumbar spine: lower back
- Sacral spine: bottom of spine
One other minor section
Coccyx (tailbone)
59
The Core
- Spans from the ribcage to the pelvis
- Important in load carriage and spinal nerve root protection and it provides the foundation from which forces are transmitted from the upper body to the lower body and vise-versa
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Core Stability Subsystems
Passive - bones and ligaments within the spinal column
Active - muscles act on the spine
Control - managed by nervous system
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Lower Back Pain
- Pain localized between the rib cage and buttocks
- ¾ of the population will experience lower back pain at some point in their life that will limit them from performing some of their daily tasks
- Causes are stain, overextension, irregular or unsafe performance of movement such as lifting, pushing, pulling, turning, twisting or bending. These show dysfunctions and active (muscle) and passive (joint) subsystems
- Most common causes of pain pain that originated from passive stabilization system include herniated discs, disc degeneration, facet joint inflammation and ligament damage
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General Precautions in Reference to the Back
- Pay close attention to posture, alignment and form during exercise
- Include exercises to help strengthen and stabilize the core
- Good posture involves a balance between flexion and extension
