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Social Psychology > Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimation > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimation Flashcards

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1
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

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2
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another

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3
Q

Ageism

A

Discrimination based on age

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4
Q

Stereotype

A

Belief or association that links whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics

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5
Q

Prejudice

A

Consists of negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

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6
Q

Discrimination

A

Concerns behaviors - specifically negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

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7
Q

Group

A

Two or more people perceived at least one of the following characteristics:

Direct interactions with each other over a period of time

Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes

Shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals

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8
Q

Ingroup

A

Groups we idenitfy with - our country, our religion, political party, even our hometown sports team

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9
Q

Outgroup

A

Groups other than our own

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10
Q

Old-Fashioned Racism

A

Blatant, explicit, and unmistakable

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11
Q

Modern Racism

A

Subtle form of prejudice that tends to surface when it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize; subtle and most likely to be presend under the cloud of ambiguity

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12
Q

Aversive Racism

A

Concerns the ambivalence between individuals’ sincerely fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and their largely unconscious and unrecognized negative feelings and beliefs about another race, on the other hand

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13
Q

Implicit Racism

A

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

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14
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

(IAT) Measures the extent to which two concepts are associated

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15
Q

Who first developed and tested the Implicit Association test?

A

Anthony Greenwald

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16
Q

Metastereotypes

A

Thoughts about the outgroup’s stereotypes about them

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17
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Prescriptive rather than descriptive; Indicate wht many people in a given culture believe men and women should be; Degree to wihch ingroup and outgroup members interact, involves more of an ambivalence between positive and negative feelings

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18
Q

Ambivalent Sexism

A

Consists of two elements: Hostile Sexism and Benevolent Sexism

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19
Q

Hostile Sexism

A

Characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and ability to challenge men’s power

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20
Q

Benevolent Sexism

A

Characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection

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21
Q

Who proposed Ambivalent Sexism

A

Susan Fiske & Peter Glicke

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22
Q

What types of qualities do the Candidates emphasize?

A

Agentic Qualities - technical competence, independence, and leadership ability

Communal Qualities - Interpersonal and social skills

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23
Q

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

A

People try to balance the desire to belong and afiliate with others, on one hand, and the desire to be distinct and differentiated from others, on the other hand. This drive may drive people to identify with relatively small ingroups and distance themselves from outgroups and from individuals whose group status is ambiguous.

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24
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25
Terror Management Theory
People cope with fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help preserve their self esteem; favoring ingroups over outgroups is one important way that people preserve their cultural worldvious and, by doing so, try to attain a kind of immortality
26
Who conducted the Robbers Cave Experiment?
Muzafer Sherif
27
What was the Robbers Cave Experiment about?
Study of competitiveness and coorperation; Groups eventually turned into hostile antagonists and rivalry escalated into a full-scale war; restoring peace took the introduction of a superordinate goal
28
Superordinate Goal
Mutual goals that can be achieved only through cooperation between the groups
29
Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources
30
Relative Deprivation
Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others
31
MInimal Groups
Categorization of people based on trivial, minimally important similarities
32
Ingroup Favoritism
Favoring members of one's ingroup rather than members of another group
33
Social Identity Theory
Eachof us strives to enhance our self-esteem, which has two components: a Personal Identity and various collective or Social identities based on groups to which we belong
34
Proponents of Social Identity Theory
Henri Tajfel John Turner
35
Basic predictions which arose from Social Identity Theory
Threats to one's self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favoritism Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one's self-esteem
36
What other factors were added to extend the Social Identity Theory?
Esteem Relevant Threats Types of Groups Types of Ingroup Members
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Social Dominance Orientation
A desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups
38
System Justification
Processes that endorse and legitimize existing social arrangements; protect the status quo
39
Social Categorization
The process by which people are sorted into groups on the basis of gender, race, and other common attributes
40
Outgroup Homogeniety Effect
Perceivers assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of one's own group; there may be fine and subtle difference among us but they are all aliike
41
What are reasons for the tendency to perceive outgroups are homogeneous?
Lack of personal contact Lack of diversity of experiences with outgroup members
42
Illusory Correlation
Tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
43
What are the processes that Illusory Correlation arise from?
Tendency to overestimate the association between variables that are distinctive: variables that capture attention simply because they are novel or deviant People tend to overestimate the association between variables they already expect to go together
44
What is Socialization?
The processes by which people learn the nromes, rules, and information of a culture or group
45
Stereotype Content Model
Model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth
46
Subliminal Presentation
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them
47
Who proposed Subliminal Presentations?
Patricia Devine
48
What factors make automatic activation of Stereotypes more likely?
Cognitive Factors - accessible stereotype (recently activated or primed); depleted cognitive resources due to prior attempts to repress stereotypical thinking, fatigue, age, and intoxication Cultural factors - popular stereotype in culture; norms and values that accept stereotyping Motivational Factors - Motivated to make inferences about the person quickly; motivated to feel superior to the other person Personal Factors - endorses stereotypes, high in prejudice
49
What factors make Automatic Activation of Stereoptypes less likely?
Cognitive Factors - exposure to counter-stereotypic group members; knowledge of personal information about the individual Cultural Factors - not common stereotype in culture; norms and values that are opposed to stereotyping Motivational Factors - motivated to avoid prejudice; motivated to be fair, egalitarian Personal Factors - Disagrees with stereotypes, low in prejudice
50
Self-Regulation of Prejudiced Responses Model
People who are truly motivated to be fair and unprejudiced are often confronted with the sad reality that they have failed to live up to that goal; realizations lead to unpleasant emotions such as guild; as they experience feelings of guilt repeatedly, they begin to develop expertise at recognizing the situations and stimuli that tend to trigger these failures, and therefore they can exert more control over them. In so doing, they begin to interrupt what had been automatic stereotype activation.
51
What happened in "41 Shots"
A man named Amadou Diallo was shot by officers who thought he was the suspect they were searching for; 19 of the 41 shots hit Diallo
52
Stigmatized Targets
Individuals who are targets of negative stereotypes, perceived as deviant and devalued in society because they are embers of a particular social group or because they have a particular characteristic
53
Stereotype Threat
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group
54
Social Identity Threat
Reflect a more general devaluing of a person's social group
55
Stereotype Lift
Advantage of being favorable compared to an outgroup that is targeted by a negative stereotype
56
How does stereotype threat exert its effects?
Trigger physiological arousal (interferes with people's ability to perform well on the task at hand) Cause threatened individuals to try to suppress thoughts about the stereotype (drains cognitive resources away from the task they are working on) Impairs threatened individuals' working memory (impairs task performance) Cause negative thoughts, worry, and feelings of dejections and focus more on trying to avoid failure than to achieve success
57
Contact Hypothesis
Under certain conditions, direct contact between members of rival groups will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
58
Who proposed Contact Hypothesis?
Gordon Allport
59
How does contact reduce prejudice?
Enhancing knowledge about the outgroup Reducing anxiety about intergroup contact Increasing empathy and perspective-taking
60
Jigsaw Classroom
Cooperative learning method whereby everyone, regardless of race, ability or self confidence, needs everyone else if the group as a whole is to succeed
61
Who proposed Jigsaw Classroom?
Elliot Aronson
62
Common Intergroup Identity Model
Change comes about through two separate processes: decategorization and recategorization
63
Decategorization
Leads people not only to pay less attention to categories and intergroup boundaries but also to perceive outgroup members as individuals
64
Recategorization
Leads people to change their conception of groups, allowing them to develop a more inclusive sense of the diversity that characterizes their own ingroup. By recognizing members of an outgroup as ingroup members, a common ingroup idenitutt can be forged

Social Psychology (8 decks)

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