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Social Psychology > Chapter 11: Aggression > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Aggression?

A

Behavior intended to harm another individuaal

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2
Q

What is Violence?

A

Extreme acts of aggression

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3
Q

What is Anger?

A

Strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury, the nature of which depends on the specific situation

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4
Q

What is Hostility?

A

Negative, antagonistic attitude toward another group

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5
Q

What is Instrumental Aggression?

A

Harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end, includes harming someone for personal gain, attention or even self defense

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6
Q

Emotional Aggression

A

Reactive Aggression; Harm is inflicted for its own sake

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7
Q

What is the connection between Culture and Aggression?

A

High rate of single parenthood in Americas, correlates with violent crime
Individualistic cultures are associated with violence
Guns in the US had higher gun-related violence
Violent Crime lower in the US than England and Wales
Murder rates in US higher than England
Different cultures have different attitudes and behaviors regarding aggression between men and women

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8
Q

Symptoms of Bullying

A

Extraordinary Suffering, feelings of panic, nervousness, and distraction in school, recurring memories of abuse. Can lead to depression and anxiety in adulthood, even suicide

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9
Q

What makes some societies peaceful?

A

Opposition of competition

Endorsement of cooperation in all aspects of life

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10
Q

What are the two types of Aggression?

A

Relational/Indirect Aggression

Overt Aggression

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11
Q

What is the link between Gender and Aggression?

A

Although boys tend to be more overtly aggressive than girls, boys do not tend to be more aggressive than girls when it comes to indirect or relational aggression

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12
Q

Relational Aggression

A

Type of Indirect Aggression that particularly targets a person’s relationships and social status

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13
Q

What is the link between individual Differences and Aggression?

A 
People who tend to hold hostile cognitions, express anger, and exhibit irritability tend to behave more aggressively
Emotional Susceptibility
Narcissism
Type A Personality
Impulsivity
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14
Q

Emotional Susceptibility

A

Tendency to feel distressed, inadequate, and vulnerable to perceived threats

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15
Q

Narcissism

A

Tendency to have an inflated sense of self-worth and self-love but without a strong set of beliefs to support these feelings, thereby leaving the person’s self-esteem unstable and sensitive to criticism

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16
Q

Type A Personality

A

Tendency to be driven by feelings of inadequacy to try to prove oneself through personal accomplishments

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17
Q

Impulsivity

A

Being relatively unable to control one’s thoughts and behaviors

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18
Q

Provocation

A

Can light the relatively short fuses of these individuals, leadings to the potential explosion of aggression

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19
Q

Approaches to the issue of whether aggression is innate

A

Evolutionary Psychological Accounts

Biological Factors

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20
Q

Why Human Warfare originated

A

To obtain valuable resources and to attract mates and forge intragroup bonds

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21
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Focuses on Genetic Transmission and behavior; genes play a role in physical aggression

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22
Q

Serotonin

A

Works like a braking mechanism to restrain impulsive acts of aggression

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23
Q

Serotonin and Aggression

A

Low levels of Serotonin are associated with higher levels of aggression

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24
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Implicated with tendencies toward aggressive and violent behavior

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25
Executive Functioning
Cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions; enables people to respond to situations in a reasoned, flexible manner, as opposed to being driven purely by external stimuli
26
Rewards for Aggression
Negative Reinforcement | Positive Reinforcement
27
Negative Reinforcement
When aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes
28
Positive Reinforcement
When aggression produces desired outcomes
29
Social Learning Theory
Aggressive Behavior is strongly affected by learning; we learn from the examples of others as well as from direct experience with rewards and punishments
30
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandurra
31
When does punishment decrease aggressive behavior?
When it immediately follows the aggressive behavior When it is strong enough to deter the aggressor When it is consistently applied and perceived as fair and legitimate by the aggressor
32
Corporal Punishment
Use of Physical Force intended to cause the child pain, but not for injury, for the purpose of controlling or correcting the child's behavior
33
Machismo
A way of thinking that challenges, abuse, and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons
34
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Frustration, which is produced by interrupting a person'g progress toward an expected goal, will always elicit the motive to aggress; All aggression is caused by frustration
35
Displacement
Inclination to aggress is deflected from the real target to a substitute
36
Catharsis
Displacing aggression in other ways; engaging in some relatively harmless pursuit could drain away energy from more violent tendencies
37
Earliest proponent of the Frustration-Aggression Theory
Neal Miller
38
Scapegoating
Blaming societal frustrations against minority groups or outgroups
39
Link between Heat and Aggression
People lose their cool in hot temperatures and behave more aggressively
40
Social Rejection and Aggression
People who are socially rejected by someone from a tight-knit group become likely to retaliate aggressively against all the members of the rejector's group
41
Positive Affect and Aggression
Feeling good appears to be incompatible with anger and aggression
42
Excitation Transfer
Arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus
43
Who proposed Excitation Transfer?
Dolf Zillmann
44
What other factors are likely to increase aggression?
Noise, Violent Movies, and Arousing Music
45
Weapons Effect
The tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons
46
Who proposed the Weapons Effect
Leonard Berkowitz
47
Aggression-Enhancing Situational Cue
Any object or external characteristic associated with successful aggression or the negative affect of pain or unpleasantness
48
Hostile Attribution Bias
They tend to perceive hostile intent in others
49
Effect of Alcohol on Aggression
Alcohol reduces anxiety which lowers people's inhibitions against aggressing. Disrupts the way we process information
50
Alcohol Myopia
Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. Intoxicated people respond to initial, salient information about the situation but often miss later, more subtle indicators
51
What are aversive experiences that lead to aggression?
Frustration, Crowding, Heat, & Provocation
52
Which situational cues lead to aggression?
Guns and Violent Movies
53
What Individual & Cultural Differences lead to aggression?
Chronic Hostility and Cultures of Honor
54
What Higher Order Thinking can inhibit aggression?
Recognizing the danger of the situation or recognizing that what seemed like a provocation was really just an accident
55
How does Higher Order Thinking facilitate aggression?
When we perceive that aggression is encouraged by one's peers in this situations or that a provocation was intentional
56
Agression & Media
Media Violence contributes to real aggression and violence; media violence can also produce long term effects by influencing people's values and attitudes toward aggression, making it seem more legitimate and even necessary for social interaction and the resolution of social conflicts
57
How does Media Violence Cause these effects?
Playing violent video games has been found to cause increases in aggressive cognitions and affect, in addition to aggressive behavior.
58
Desensitization
A reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence; familiarity with violence reduces physiological arousal to new incidents of violence
59
Habituation
A novel stimulus gets our attention, and if it's sufficiently interesting or exciting, it elicits physiological arousal
60
Cultivation
The capacity of the mass media to construct a social reality that people perceive as true, even if it isn't
61
Pornography
Used to refer to explicit sexual material, regardless of its moral or aesthetic qualities
62
Types of Pornography
Nonviolent Pornography | Violent Pornography
63
Nonviolent Pornography & Aggression
The combination of positive affect and only moderate arousal is unlikely to trigger much aggression
64
Violent Pornography & Aggression
Violent Pornography brings together high arousal; negative emotional reactions (shock, alarm & disgust); and aggressive thoughts
65
What factors are associated with sexual aggression among college students?
Alcohol, Gender & Attitudes toward rape and toward women
66
Statistics Related to Partner Abuse
1/3 to 1/2 of female homicide victims are murdered by a husband or a boyfriend
67
What factors cause increased partner aggression?
Personal Characteristics, Socioeconomic Status, Interpersonal Conflict, Stress, Social Isolation, and the Experience of Growing up in a violent family
68
What factors are associated with increased child abuse?
Personal Characteristics of the abusing parent and of the child, the family's socioeconomic status, stressful experiences, social isolation, marital conflict, and the abusing parent's having been abused as a child
69
Cycle of Violence
Connection between violence in childhood and violence as an adult
70
Multisystematic Therapy
This approach addresses individuals' problems at several different levels, including the needs of the adolescents and the many contexts in which they are embedded, such as family, peer group, school, and neighborhood
71
What steps can we take to reduce aggression more generally?
Reducing stressors such as frustration, discomfort, and provocation should reduce aggression; reduce weapons; get authorities involved; changing cost-reward payoffs associated with aggression

Social Psychology (8 decks)

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