Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is dehydration?

Answer 1

Synthesis (making) of a polymer

Question 2

How does dehydration work?

Answer 2

One polymer : One monomer

• Water is taken out -

OH from polymer : H from monomer

• Monomer joins Polymer to make a long polymer

Question 3

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 3

Breaking of a polymer

Question 4

How does hydrolysis work?

Answer 4

Water is added to a long polymer

A H from the polymer binds with the OH of the water, making a monomer and breaking off

Question 5

Carbohydrates are polymers of _______.

Answer 5

Sugar

Question 6

Carbohydrate monomers are ___________.

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

Two monosaccharides are called ___________________.

Answer 7

Disaccharides

Question 8

The covalent bind between two monosaccharides is called a _________________.

Answer 8

Glycosidic linkage

Question 9

Carbohydrate polymers are polysaccharides.

There are two types, what are they?

Answer 9

1. Storage Polysaccharides
   
   • for fuel
   • starch for plan fuel
   • glycogen for animal fuel
2. Structural Polysaccharides
   
   • for building material
   • cellulose in plant cell walls

Question 10

Proteins are polymers of ____________.

Answer 10

Amino acids

Question 11

All protein monomers have an _______ group and a ________ group.

Answer 11

Amino, carboxyl

Question 12

Is glucose soluble in water?

Answer 12

Yes, it is hydrophilic

Question 13

The covalent bond between two amino acids is called a _______________.

Answer 13

Peptide bond

Question 14

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 14

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Question 15

What happens in primary protein structure?

Answer 15

• There’s an amino acid sequence
• It could contain:
  
  • hydrogen bond
  • ionic bond
  • van der waals

Question 16

What happens in secondary protein structure?

Answer 16

• Amino acid sequence either forms:
  • a helix (loop-d-loop)
  • b strand (b pleated sheet)

Question 17

What happens in tertiary protein structure?

Answer 17

The a helix or b stands fold up into a 3D shape

Question 18

What happens in quaternary protein structure?

Answer 18

Two polypeptides come together to make a protein

Question 19

How is protein structure affected in a sickel-cell hemoglobin?

Answer 19

• One of the amino acids in primary structure is different
• Different folding in secondary
• Different shaping in tertiary due to distorted H bonding
• Hemoglobin clumps up too closely together rather than binding to oxygen

Question 20

Why are lipids not considered polymers?

Answer 20

Not composed of chains of repeating subunits

Question 21

What is denaturation?

Answer 21

When the protein loses its shape

{$$} –> ~~~~

Question 22

Why does denaturation happen?

Answer 22

Change in:

• pH
• salt concentration
• temperature

Question 23

Are denatured proteins functional? Why or why not?

Answer 23

No.

The protein’s function depends on its structure

Question 24

What is renaturation?

Answer 24

When the denatured protein refolds back into a normal protein

Question 25

What renatures the denatured protein?

Answer 25

The Chaperon protein

Question 26

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 26

Store and transmit hereditary info

Question 27

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 27

DNA | RNA

Question 28

What do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 28

- Phosphate group - 5-carbon pentose sugar - Nitrogenous base

Question 29

What are pyrimidines? Which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

Answer 29

Compounds that produce RNA and DNA C T U {__} {__} {__} ^single ring structures (cYtosine, thYmine = pYrimidine)

Question 30

What are purines? Which nucleotides are purines?

Answer 30

Compounds that produce DNA and RNA A G {_}{__} {_}{__} ^double ring structures

Question 31

Nucleic acids are polymers of ______________.

Answer 31

Nucleotides

Question 32

Define polynucleotide

Answer 32

Polymer of nucleotides

Question 33

The covalent bind between two nucleotides is called a ______________.

Answer 33

Phosphodiester linkage

Question 34

How does base pairing occur? (A to T and C to G)

Answer 34

Hydrogen bonding

Question 35

Which base pairs are most stable? A with T or C with G? Why?

Answer 35

C with G They have 3 hydrogen bonds between them, whereas A and T only have 2.

Question 36

Are lipids usually polar or nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 36

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

Question 37

Fats are types of _____. | What are the two types of fat?

Answer 37

Lipids Saturated and unsaturated

Question 38

What are saturated fats?

Answer 38

- Hydrogen is bonded to carbons all the way around ``` H H H | | | H - C - C - C - H | | | H H H ``` - Has a lot of Van Der Waals to keep it closely packed like a solid - eg butter

Question 39

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 39

- Less hydrogens bonded to carbons, meaning some carbons have double bonds. ``` H H H | | | H - C = C - C - H | H ``` - Has less Van Der Waals so it acts more fluid like - eg oil

Question 40

Which type of fat would you expect to be more fluid at room temperature? A. Saturated fat B. Monounsaturated fat C. Polyunsaturated fat

Answer 40

C. Polyunsaturated means there's more than 1 double bond, therefore it's more fluid.

Question 41

Why is it bad to eat too many saturated fats?

Answer 41

They are hydrophobic so they don't dissolve in water, meaning it can form arterial clumps and blood clots.

Question 42

How are fats absorbed?

Answer 42

1. Broken down into fatty acids by lipase 2. Fatty acids diffuse through membrane and reformed 3. Form into chylomicrons 4. Enter lacteals and carried away by lymph

Question 43

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 43

Phosphate head with fatty acid tails

Question 44

Is the phospholipid head polar or nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 44

Polar, hydrophilic

Question 45

Is the fatty acid tail polar or nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 45

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

Question 46

Cholesterol is a _______.

Answer 46

Steroid

Question 47

Where would you expect to find cholesterol?

Answer 47

Within the fatty acid tails of the cell membrane. Cholesterol is hydrophobic, therefore it wants to be with the hydrophobic fatty acid tails.