Chapter 5 test Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
causes of 30 years war
A
causes: conflict over religion & territory & for power among European ruling families. tension btwn catholics and lutherans, +calvins. Ferdinand closed down some protestant churches, causing revolt
2
Q
conflict that religion is a factor ?
A
war on terror
3
Q
steps austrian hapsburgs took towards becoming absolute monarchs
A
- reconquered bohemia, wiped out protestantism
- created new czech nobility w/ allegiance to them
- centralized government & created standing army
- retook hungary from ottoman empire
4
Q
which step austrian hapsburgs took towards becoming absolute monarchs was most important and why?
A
EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
centralizing government & creating standing army. provided stability, safety
5
Q
tactics ruler might use to establish stability in a territory w/ an extremely diverse population
A
fair laws, widespread opportunity, jobs, religious toleration, common cause, wide/broad appeal
6
Q
effects of 30 years war
A
destruction of german villages. hapsburg army driven out of germany. population drops 4 million. trade & agriculture disrupted. german economy ruined, splits into 360 states. new types of peace negotiation, modern state system. german unification delayed.
7
Q
how did peace of westphalia lay foundations of modern europe?
A
ended religious wars. recognized europe as collection of independent states. establish modern way of peace negotiating
8
Q
describe prussia’s rise to power in the late 1600s:
A
Hohenzollerns. Frederick built strong army. moved to absolute monarchy. introduced permanent taxation. weakened representatives. gave nobles army officer positions.
9
Q
most important factor in prussia’s rise to power in the late 1600s:
A
permanent taxtaion. provided stability, cooperation. stable, sufficient income for government.
10
Q
winners & losers in 5-3
A
winners: britain gained colonies and expanded. prussia becomes major european power. losers: france lost colonies in N.A. both: austria & russia
11
Q
causes of 7 years war
A
maria theresa allys w france, frederick allys w bratain (switch allys). other countries get involved for personal benefit
12
Q
effects of 7 years war
A
no territorial changes, britain gains N.A. colonies
13
Q
causes of war of austrian succession
A
frederick underestimated maria theresa’s strength. maria asks hungary for help. austria, britain, hungary vs prussia, france
14
Q
effects of war of austrian succession
A
maria theresa stops prussian aggression, lost silesia in treaty of aix la chapelle
15
Q
most of the early battles in the 30 years war were won by the
A
hapsburgs
16
Q
in the mid-1600s, group least dependent on labor of serfs was
A
nations of western europe
17
Q
under M.T, austria’s greatest enemy was
A
prussia
18
Q
frederick II came into power as the
A
king of prussia
19
Q
war of austrian succession was fought over the possession of lands belonging to
A
maria theresa
20
Q
in europe, 7 years war resulted in
A
no exchange of territories
21
Q
nations led today by people who function as absolute rulers
A
UAB, Oman
22
Q
factors that made spain a powerful nation in 1500s
A
colonies w mines of silver & gold (americas, neverlands, porteguese in asia)
23
Q
factors that made US a powerful nation in 1900-2000s
A
- government- protects citizens & provides for common defense
- people work for industries, industries pay people, both pay taxes to government
- industries sell products to customers, customers pay industries
24
Q
what types of foreign wars did the active monarch Philip II involve spain?
A
- religion (catholic)
- 1588 england - lost entire navy
- 1579 netherlands - lost resources/money
25
what types of foreign wars has the US been involved in since the 1900s?
VESTED INTEREST
- affects national interest/way of life
- allys are involved
- stop communism/terrorism
- protect resources
- we were attacked/threaten our country/people
- expansion/protection
26
main causes of decline of spanish empire
money problems, dutch revolt, loss of armada
27
conditions that made it possible for absolute rulers to take power?
decline of feudalism, growth of national kingdoms, growing middle class, wealth, church authority decline
28
significance of england's defeat of the spanish armada
ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic
| began spain decline
29
theory of divine right
God created monarchy and monarch acted as god's rep on earth
30
why did dutch revolt against spain
calvinist, prosperous middle class, mad about raised taxes and crushed protestant
31
money problems in spain's decline
- inflation
- made enemies rich
- military expenses
- nobles are tax exempt
32
how dutch revolt helped in spain's decline
lost money, resources, power
33
how did france rebuild after wars of religion?
being political: Henry IV/Navarre converted to catholicism & edict of nantes 1598. Louis XIII had Cardinal Richelieu weaken nobles by limiting castle walls
34
how did louis xiv strengthen royal power?
weakened nobles by excluding them from his councils & making them live at court so he could watch them
35
list successes and failures of louis xiv
successes: france strong world power, art & literature prominent, military leader, increased monarchy power, grew self-sufficient economy,
failures: huge debt bc of constant warfare, war of spanish succession & treaty of utrecht, lost novia scotia & newfoundland, resentment for excessive taxation
36
how would machiavelli feel about richelieu?
WELL
| -greater good :)
37
why did Louis XIII and XIV owe Richelieu a debt of gratitude
weakened the nobles power
used middle class as agents
reduced hugonot power
38
main concept of 5-1 (reign of louis xiv)
absolute rule can be good or bad, depending on the circumstances,
39
what about the reign of louis xiv could i learn from and apply to my life?
pick and choose your battles, some cost a lot
40
compare louis xiv and philip II
louis xiv: France, revived arts, catholic, wealthy, military leader france, inflation, debt,
philip II: spain, revived arts, catholic, wealthy, big army, inflation, money going to enemies,
41
30 years war: years
1618-1648
42
who helped start 30 years war?
Dookie
43
Holy Roman EMpire-
germany, ruled by Hapsburg
44
30 years war was the
last major war of religion in europe
45
30 yrs war: who v who?
Catholics vs Protestants, Lutherans vs Calvinists
46
calvinist preachers in germany ignored the 1555 Peace of Augsburg provision, "everyone follow the ruler's religion
if your ruler was ungodly, you should kill him
47
lutherans rejected the calvinist idea of predestination
...
48
who put their religious loyalty aside for their political loyalty even if it meant supporting another religion against their own?
"politiques"
49
why did 30 years war begin?
Charles V Hapsburg (catholic) gave HRE to his brother, Ferdinand II. Ferdinand's grandson, Rudolph II elected HRE. German protestants form evangelical union, catholics form catholic league. rudolph locks himself in prague castle. hapsburgs name matthias (R's bro) ruler. rudolf dies, matthias crowned. calls for end of persecution, dies. ferdinand II takes over, ignores Letter of Majesty.
50
Ferdinand's grandson, Rudolph II elected HRE.
staunch catholic, whack-job: inbreeding caught up w him. crushed protestants (except bohemia - gave them relgious freedom)
51
things heat up:
protestants build more churches. ferdinand sets them straight. Defenestration of Prague.
52
Defenestration of Prague
group of bohemian protesters throw ferdinand's representatives out the window, may 1618. Act meant war, catholic vs protestant
53
nations join to serve their own needs:
England, Spain, germany, france
54
why did england join 30 yrs war?
to help king james I son-in-law, frederick of the palatinate
55
why did spain join 30 yrs war?
wanted to crush an anti-hapsburg rebellion in bohemia as a warm-up for the anti-hapsburg, anti-catholic fight in the netherlands
56
why did germany join 30 yrs war?
catholic league wanted to crush the bohemians before spanish troops arrived - didn't want spanish troops in the area
57
why did france join 30 yrs war?
couldn't stand hapsburgs, lost wars to control italy in 16th century. catholic cardinal richelieu of france hires protestant swiss mercenaries to fight catholic hapsburgs
58
how many people died in 30 yrs war?
4 million
59
ferdinand II
hapsburg family. leader of HRE. hapsburgs rule spain & austria. catholic. wants to suppress the protestants.
60
outcomes of Ferdinand II
1. Defeats Protestant princes
2. Loss of political power, German princes now independent from HRE
3. Loss of land as Netherlands + Swiss Federation become independent states
61
Bohemian Protestants
Protestant, they want to be left alone to practice their religion
62
outcomes of Bohemian Protestants
1. Take on Ferdinand II
2. Throw his guys into manure
3. Unfortunately, they take a beating
63
Cardinal Richelieu + France
Bourbon family, Catholic, they want to take on Catholic Hapsburgs + get revenge for defeats over Italian lands
64
Outcomes of cardinals Richelieu +France
1. Hire Swiss Protestant mercenaries to fight Ferdinand II
| 2. Got land from Germany, Spain
65
Maria Theresa
Empress of Austria, Hapsburg family, Catholic, wants to preserve and strengthen Austrian empire
66
outcome of Maria Theresa
1. Loses Silesia to Prussia in war of Austrian succession
67
Frederick William
father of Fred the Great. Great Elector. Hohenzollern family. Prussia. Protestant. Wants a strong state, powerful army, absolute power.
68
Outcome of Frederick William
1. Builds powerful army, 80,000
| 2. 3rd largest army in Europe, 13th largest population
69
Frederick the Great
son of Great Elector. aka Frederick II. Prussia. Protestant. Wants Philosophy: ruler should be a father to his people + more land.
70
Outcomes of Frederick II
1. Religious tolerance
2. Revamped justice system
3. Modern economy
4. Gained Silesia from Austria
5. Annexes territory from Poland in 1772-73
71
30 years war > Rise of Austria > Rise of Prussia > War of Austrian Succession > 7 years' war
rise of prussia will unify germany in 1800s, strongest land army
72
4 Streets flanking wrigley field
Sheffield, Waveland, Clark, Addison
73
Russia simulation
27,000 miles across. demonstrates negative impact of russia's location in europe had on russian development (behind w europe)
74
how was russia behind w. europe?
education, technology, government ideas (dictatorship). as a result, poorly governed + lack of necessities, vulnerable to radical ideas like communism (fills the void)
75
what condition is probably most necessary for a monarch to gain power?
decline of feudalism- local rulers have to become weak for a single figure to become monarch and centralize power
76
significance of england's defeat of the spanish armada
weakened spain, opened way for more european ventures in the americas
77
why did the dutch revolt against spain?
because philip II raised taxes, tried to crush protestantism
78
why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?
they believed their power was God-given
79
religion and the monarchy were central to spanish culture.
merchants, civic leaders, and the middle class were prominent in the culture of the netherlands
80
what role did religion play in the struggle between spanish + dutch?
philip II thought it was his duty to crush Catholicism and tried to crush Protestantism in the Netherlands
81
how did the lack of a middle class contribute to the decline of spain's equality?
there were few buisnesspeople to stimulate economic growth at home or to promote trade abroad
82
Philip II
catholic, taxes, no middle class, tried to crush protestantism, spanish armada defeated, inflation
83
absolute monarch
had unlimited power. seeks to control all aspects of society. held all the power within their state's boundaries
84
divine right
idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's rep on earth
85
Edict of Nantes
declaration of religious toleration, France, Henry IV
86
Cardinal Richelieu
ruler of France, appointed by Louis XIII, increased power of bourbon monarchy. moved against huguenots, forbade protestant cities to have walls. weakened nobles, take down their castles. involved france in 30 years war, hated hapsburg.
87
skepticism
idea that nothing can ever be known for sure. doubt towards churches
88
Louis XIV
most powerful ruler in French history. hated nobles since young. spent $ to surround himself w luxury. made nobles live at palace. france expands in many many wars. military leader in europe.
89
Cardinal Mazarin
succeeded Richelieu, when Louis XIV was little boy. ended 30 years war, increased taxes, strengthened central government.
90
intendants
government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.
91
Jean Baptiste Colbert
tried to make france self-sufficient. manufacture, don't rely on imports.
92
War of Spanish succession
Spain + France both ruled by French bourbons, other countries felt threatened. costly war 13 years. great Britain main winner. treaty of Utrecht
93
what impact did the french religious wars have on french thinkers?
TURNED THEM TOWARDS skepticism
94
how did Jean Baptiste Colbert intend to stimulate economic growth in france?
tried to make france self-sufficient. manufacture, don't rely on imports.
95
result of the war of spanish succession
france + spain not allowed to unite; Britain gained Gibraltar; austrian hapsburgs took spanish netherlands
96
is Louis XIV example of perfect absolute monarch?
yes, controlled economy, regulated worship, weakened nobility, built palace to show power
97
how did anti-protestantism contribute to louis's downfall?
cancelling Edict of Nantes cost france many skilled workers, and wars against protestant countries damaged french economy
98
30 years war
conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families
99
peace of westphalia
ended 30 years war. ended religious wars. recognized europe as collection of independent states. establish modern way of peace negotiating
100
Maria Theresa
Austria. heir of all hapsburg territories. faced years of war. usually vs Hohenzollerns (prussia)
101
Frederick the Great
softened father's laws (fred I) underestimated Maria
102
7 years war
no territorial change in europe. austria, france, russia vs prussia, britain
103
major conflicts in the 30 years war?
religious and territorial disputes; competition among ruling families
104
steps austrain hapsburgs took to become absolute monarchs
reconquered bohemia, centralized government, created standing army, retook hungary from ottomans
105
Ivan the Terrible
1st russian ruler to use czar. good period and bad period.
106
czar
caesar
107
boyars
russia's landowning nobles
108
Peter the Great
one of Russia's greatest reformers
109
westernization
using western europe as a model for change
110
what event had the biggest impact on modern russia?
westernization, laid groundwork for for russia's economic and political power
111
how did ivan the terrible deal with enemies during his bad period?
he had his police force hunt them down and murder them
112
why did Peter the great believe that russia's future depended on a warm water port?
bc only them could russia compete economically with western europe
113
what were some of the ways peter tried to westernize europe?
started russia's first newspaper, edited 1st issue. raised women status. introduced potatoes, staple. advanced education, esp navigation, arts, sciences. ordered nobles give up traditional clothes for western fashions
114
who was a better absolute monarch: peter the great or ivan the terrible
peter bc he took control of the church, reduced the power of the landowners, strengthened army, imposed taxes, forced reforms on russian people
115
which class of russians prob didn't benefit from reforms?
serfs, bc most of reforms improved the lives of nobles and wealthy only
116
first russian ruler to adopt the czar
ivan the terrible
117
ivan the terrible's cruelty was mainly aimed at
nobles
118
in russia, the boyars were
landowning nobles
119
main reason peter the great's visiting the west was to
learn about western customs and technology
120
at the time peter the great took the throne, the most essential part of the russian economy was
serfs
121
the site for st. petersburg was chosen because
it was near water routes to europe
