Chapter 5 : The Body As A Whole Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
What is an organism?
A
A living individual.
2
Q
What is a body system?
A
A group of organs working together.
3
Q
What is an organ?
A
Composed of tissues that perform specific functions.
4
Q
What is tissue?
A
Group of similar cells.
5
Q
What is a cell?
A
Basic unit of life.
6
Q
What is an organelle?
A
Structures within cells.
7
Q
What are molecules, atoms, and ions?
A
Chemical building blocks.
8
Q
What is the nucleus?
A
Control center of the cell.
9
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
Jelly-like substance in a cell.
10
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
Surrounds and protects the cell.
11
Q
What are chromosomes?
A
Contain DNA.
12
Q
What is epithelial tissue?
A
Covers surfaces.
13
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
Supports and connects.
14
Q
What is muscle tissue?
A
Movement.
15
Q
What is nervous tissue?
A
Sends signals.
16
Q
What does -plasia mean?
A
Formation.
17
Q
What is dysplasia?
A
Abnormal development.
18
Q
What is aplasia?
A
No development.
19
Q
What is hypoplasia?
A
Underdevelopment.
20
Q
What is hyperplasia?
A
Excessive development.
21
Q
What is anaplasia?
A
Loss of differentiation.
22
Q
What does -trophy mean?
A
Nutrition.
23
Q
What is hypertrophy?
A
Increase in size.
24
Q
What is the frontal plane?
A
Divides the body into front and back.
25
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower.
26
What is the midsagittal plane?
Divides the body into left and right.
27
What does anter/o mean?
Front.
28
What does poster/o mean?
Back.
29
What does ventr/o mean?
Belly side.
30
What does dors/o mean?
Back side.
31
What does medi/o mean?
Middle.
32
What does later/o mean?
Side.
33
What does super/o mean?
Upper.
34
What does infer/o mean?
Lower.
35
What does proxim/o mean?
Near origin.
36
What does dist/o / tel/e mean?
Far/distant.
37
What does cephal/o mean?
Toward the head.
38
What does caud/o mean?
Toward the tail.
39
What does intern/o mean?
Inside.
40
What does extern/o mean?
Outside.
41
What does prone mean?
Lying face down.
42
What does supine mean?
Lying on back.
43
What does supination mean?
Palm up.
44
What does pronation mean?
Palm down.
45
What is the dorsal cavity?
Cranial + Spinal.
46
What is the ventral cavity?
Thoracic + Diaphragm + Abdominopelvic.
47
What is the peritoneum?
A membrane that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity and folds the internal organs.
48
What are the body regions?
Head, neck, torso, extremities.
49
What does abdomin/o refer to?
Abdomen.
50
What does acr/o refer to?
Extremities.
51
What does blephar/o refer to?
Eyelid.
52
What does cephal/o refer to?
Head.
53
What does chir/o refer to?
Hand.
54
What does cyst/o refer to?
Cyst/bladder/sac.
55
What does dactyl/o refer to?
Digits.
56
What does lapar/o refer to?
Abdominal wall.
57
What does omphal/o refer to?
Umbilicus.
58
What does onych/o refer to?
Nail.
59
What does pelv/i refer to?
Pelvis.
60
What does periton/o refer to?
Peritoneum.
61
What does pod/o refer to?
Feet.
62
What does som/a, somat/o refer to?
Body.
63
What does thorac/o refer to?
Chest.
64
What is RUQ?
Right upper quadrant.
65
What is LUQ?
Left upper quadrant.
66
What is RLQ?
Right lower quadrant.
67
What is LLQ?
Left lower quadrant.
68
What are intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Intracellular: Inside cells. Extracellular: Outside cells.
69
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid between cells.
70
What is plasma?
Fluid part of blood which contains 90% water and 10% solutes.
71
What is edema?
Swelling from fluid.
72
What does crin/o, -crine mean?
Secrete.
73
What does dacry/o, lacrim/o mean?
Tear.
74
What does -emia mean?
Blood condition.
75
What does hem/o, hemat/o mean?
Blood.
76
What does hidr/o mean?
Sweat.
77
What does hydr/o mean?
Water.
78
What does lymph/o mean?
Lymph.
79
What does muc/o mean?
Mucus.
80
What does -poiesis mean?
Production.
81
What does -poietin mean?
Producing substance.
82
What does py/o mean?
Pus.
83
What does sial/o mean?
Saliva.
84
What does ur/o mean?
Urine.
85
What are the types of glands?
Salivary, thyroid, adrenal, sudoriferous.
86
What does coagul/o mean?
Clotting.
87
What does cyt/o, -cyte mean?
Cell.
88
What does erythr/o mean?
Red.
89
What does leuk/o mean?
White.
90
What does thromb/o mean?
Clot.
91
What does -osis mean?
Abnormal condition.
92
What does -penia mean?
Deficiency.
93
What is erythrocytosis?
Too many red cells.
94
What is erythropenia?
Too few red cells.
95
What is leukocytosis?
Too many white cells.
96
What is leukopenia?
Too few white cells.
97
What is leukemia?
Cancer of white cells.
98
What is thrombocytosis?
Too many platelets.
99
What is thrombopenia?
Too few platelets.
100
What percentage of body weight is blood?
8% of body weight.
101
What percentage of blood is plasma?
55% (90% water).
102
What percentage of blood are formed elements?
45%
RBCs or erythrocytes
WBCs or leukocytes
Platelets or thrombocytes
103
What are the components of immunity and defense?
Immunity, resistance, susceptibility, inflammation.
104
What are nonspecific immune responses?
Phagocytosis, interferon, complement.
105
What are specific immune responses?
Antigen, antibody.
106
What are terms related to immunity?
> Immunization
> Vaccination
> Immunocompromised, immunosuppressive, immunosuppressant
> Hypersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis
> AIDS
107
What does benign mean?
Non-cancerous.
108
What does malignant mean?
Cancerous.
109
What does metastasis mean?
Spread of cancer.
110
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
111
What does AP stand for?
Anteroposterior.
112
What does CBC stand for?
Complete Blood Count.
113
What does CSF stand for?
Cerebrospinal Fluid.
114
What does FEMA stand for?
Federal Emergency Management Agency.
115
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
116
What does PA stand for?
Posteroanterior.
117
What does RBC stand for?
Red Blood Cell.
118
What does WBC stand for?
White Blood Cell.
119
What does WMD stand for?
Weapons of Mass Destruction.
120
What is the organizational scheme of an organism from largest to smallest?
Organism, body system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecules, atoms or ions.
121
What does the prefix trans- mean?
Across
122
What term means the abnormal development of tissues or organs?
Dysplasia
123
What is the metastasis of cancer?
> Extension into neighboring tissues
> Invasion of the lymphatic system
> Spread to other body parts by the blood
> Invasion of a body cavity
124
The two kinds of body defenses are
Nonspecific resistance : several body systems or structures help prevent foreign substances from entering the body.
Specific resistance : immunity. This immune reaction, known as the antigen antibody reaction, attacks foreign substances and destroys them.
125
What are stem cells?
Cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells.
126
What are somatic cells?
Body cells.
Has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
127
What is homeostasis?
The constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body
128
What does the combining word home/o mean?
Sameness
129
What does the suffix -stasis mean?
Controlling
130

131
What is a tele cardiogram?
A tracing of the electrical impulses of the heart recorded by a machine, distant from the patient.
132
133
What does recumbent mean?
Laying down
134
What does ambulant mean?
A person who is able to walk.
135
What is viscera?
Large organs contained in the ventral cavity.
136
What does the muscular diaphragm do?
Divides the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities.
137
What does the suffix -eum mean?
Membrane
138
What does crani/o mean?
Skull
139
What does spin/o mean?
Spine
140
What does abdomin/o mean?
Abdomen
141
What does pelv/i mean?
Pelvis
142
What is the term for the joining of two normally separate structures?
Adhesion
## Footnote
Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma.
143
What are the two types of body cavities?
A. Dorsal cavity
B. Ventral cavity
144
What is another name for the torso?
Trunk
145
List the four major regions of the body.
* Head
* Torso
* Extremities
146
What does the head contain?
Brain and special sense organs
## Footnote
Includes mouth, nose, eyes, and ears.
147
What are the upper extremities composed of?
* Arms
* Wrists
* Hands
* Fingers
148
What are the lower extremities composed of?
* Thighs
* Knees
* Legs
* Ankles
* Feet
* Toes
149
What is the combining form for abdomen?
abdomin/a
150
What is the combining form for eyelid?
blephar/o
151
What does acr/o refer to?
Extremities (arms and legs)
152
What is the meaning of onych/o?
Nail
153
What does cyst/o refer to?
Cyst, bladder, or sac
154
What is the combining form for pelvis?
pelv/i
155
What is the term for abnormal coldness of the extremities?
Acrohypothermy
156
What is acromegaly?
A disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the body extremities due to hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity.
157
What does thorac/o refer to?
Chest (thorax)
158
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
* Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
* Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
* Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
* Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
159
What is the term for surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids?
Thoracentesis
160
What does pelvic mean?
Pertaining to a pelvis, usually the bony pelvis
161
What does cephalopelvic disproportion refer to?
When the head of the fetus is too large for the mother's pelvis, making vaginal delivery difficult.
162
Fill in the blank: Acral means pertaining to the _______.
extremities
163
Fill in the blank: Hypo- means _______.
below normal
164
Fill in the blank: -megaly means _______.
enlarged
165
True or False: The abdomen is located between the chest and the pelvis.
True
166
What is the combining form for abdomen?
abdomin/o
167
What does the combining form acr/o refer to?
extremities (arms and legs)
168
What is the meaning of the combining form blephar/o?
eyelid
169
What does cyst/o represent?
cyst, bladder, or sac
170
The combining form dactyl/o refers to which body parts?
digit (toes, fingers, or both)
171
What is the meaning of the combining form lapar/o?
abdominal wall
172
What does the combining form omphal/o or umbilic/o signify?
umbilicus (navel)
173
What is the combining form for nail?
onych/o
174
What does pelv/i refer to?
pelvis
175
What is the meaning of the combining form periton/o?
peritoneum
176
The combining forms som/a and somat/o refer to which concept?
body
177
What does thorac/o represent?
chest (thorax)
178
The combining form for cyst is _______.
cyst/o
179
True or False: The combining form for the pelvis is pelv/i.
True
180
The combining form for eyelid is _______.
blephar/o
181
What does cyan/o mean?
Blue
182
What does -osis mean?
Condition
