Chapter 6 : Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(321 cards)
1
Q
What does the term ‘hemat/o’ refer to?
A
blood
This prefix is commonly used in medical terminology related to blood.
2
Q
What does the suffix ‘-poiesis’ mean?
A
production
It is often used in terms related to the formation of blood cells.
3
Q
What specialty does Orthopedics focus on?
A
prevention and correction of musculoskeletal disorders
This includes issues related to bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons.
4
Q
List the major functions of the musculoskeletal system.
A
- Protection
- Support
- Movement
- Formation of blood cells
- Storage of fat
- Storage and release of minerals
These functions are essential for maintaining body integrity and health.
5
Q
What is the role of bones in hematopoiesis?
A
normal production of blood cells in the bone marrow
Bone marrow is where blood cells are formed.
6
Q
What is the function of red marrow?
A
formation of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Red marrow is crucial for blood cell production.
7
Q
What are the structures included in the skeletal system?
A
- Bones
- Cartilage
These structures provide the framework for muscles and organs.
8
Q
What type of tissue fills the cavities of the bone?
A
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is essential for blood cell production and fat storage.
9
Q
What does it mean for calcium in bone to be radiopaque?
A
Bones block x-rays from reaching the image receptor
This property allows bones to be seen as light areas on radiographic images.
10
Q
What is the significance of the term ‘musculoskeletal’?
A
pertaining to the muscles and the skeleton
It reflects the interrelated functions of these systems.
11
Q
What is the primary focus of an orthopedist today?
A
treat musculoskeletal disorders in people of all ages
While historically focused on children, orthopedics now encompasses all demographics.
12
Q
What is the combining form for cranium?
A
crani/o
13
Q
What is the common name for the sternum?
A
breastbone
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The bones that form the vertical axis of the body are referred to as the _______.
A
Axial Skeleton
15
Q
What is the combining form for rib?
A
cost/o
16
Q
True or False: The skull is part of the appendicular skeleton.
A
False
17
Q
What are the combining forms for cervical vertebrae?
A
cervic/o
18
Q
What is the common name for the humerus?
A
upper arm bone
19
Q
List the bones of the upper extremities.
A
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
20
Q
What is the combining form for pelvis?
A
pelv/i
21
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the upper leg bone.
A
femur
22
Q
What is the common name for the patella?
A
kneecap
23
Q
What is the combining form for tibia?
A
tibi/o
24
Q
True or False: The ischium is part of the bones of the pelvis.
A
True
25
What are the combining forms for the bones of the toes?
phalang/o
26
List the bones that make up the lower extremities.
* femur
* patella
* fibula
* tibia
* tarsals
* calcaneus
* metatarsals
* phalanges
27
What is the combining form for scapula?
scapul/o
28
Fill in the blank: The _______ protects the spinal cord.
vertebrae
29
What is the common name for the calcaneus?
heel bone
30
What is the combining form for the ilium?
ili/o
31
List the bones of the pelvis.
* ilium
* ischium
* pubis
32
What is the common name for tarsals?
hindfoot bones, especially the ankle
33
What forms the vertical axis of the body?
The axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
34
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremities
35
What does the combining form oste/o mean?
Bone
36
What does oste+oid mean?
Resembling bone
37
What does the combining form calc/i mean?
Calcium
38
Define calcification.
The process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by deposits of calcium
39
In what tissues does calcification normally occur?
Bones and teeth
40
What is de+calcification?
Loss of calcium from bone or teeth
41
What is osteomalacia?
A consequence of decalcification without replacement of the lost calcium
42
What is bone marrow?
The soft organic material that fills the central cavity of a bone
43
What does the combining form myel/o refer to?
Bone marrow or spinal cord
44
What bones make up the cranium?
Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
45
What are sutures?
Immovable fibrous joints between cranial bones
46
What is the common name for the cranium?
Skull
47
What are fontanels?
Soft spots covered by membranes between the soft bones of the skull
48
What does the vertebral or spinal column commonly refer to?
Backbone
49
What does the spinal column enclose?
Spinal cord
50
What do the terms spin/o, rach/i, and rachi/o mean?
Spine
51
What does spondylitis refer to?
Inflammation of a vertebra
52
Fill in the blank: The common name for the femur is _______.
Thigh bone
53
Fill in the blank: The common name for the patella is _______.
Kneecap
54
Fill in the blank: The common name for the clavicle is _______.
Collarbone
55
Fill in the blank: The common name for the scapula is _______.
Shoulder blade
56
Fill in the blank: The common name for the sternum is _______.
Breastbone
57
Fill in the blank: The common name for the tarsals is _______.
Ankle bones
58
Fill in the blank: The common name for the carpals is _______.
Wrist bones
59
What are the bones of the fingers or toes called?
Phalanges
60
What is the process called when the sutures ossify?
Ossification begins after completion of brain growth
61
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
33 vertebrae
## Footnote
These vertebrae are categorized into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
62
What are the seven cervical vertebrae labeled as?
C1 to C7
## Footnote
The cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region.
63
What are the twelve thoracic vertebrae labeled as?
T1 to T12
## Footnote
The thoracic vertebrae are located behind the chest cavity.
64
What are the five lumbar vertebrae labeled as?
L1 to L5
## Footnote
The lumbar vertebrae support the lower back.
65
What is the fused bone formed by five sacral vertebrae called?
Sacrum
## Footnote
The sacrum is located below the lumbar vertebrae.
66
What is the fused bone formed by four coccygeal vertebrae called?
Coccyx
## Footnote
The coccyx is also known as the tailbone.
67
What does the combining form cervic/o refer to?
Neck
## Footnote
It is used in terms like cervical vertebrae.
68
What does the combining form thorac/o refer to?
Thorax (chest)
## Footnote
Thoracic vertebrae are named for their location in the thorax.
69
What does the combining form lumb/o refer to?
Lower back
## Footnote
Lumbago is a term for pain in the lower back.
70
What is the thoraco-lumbar region?
Inferior thoracic vertebrae and superior lumbar vertebrae
## Footnote
It refers to these vertebrae as a group.
71
What does the combining form sacr/o refer to?
Sacrum
## Footnote
The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.
72
What does the combining form coccyg/o refer to?
Coccyx (tailbone)
## Footnote
The coccyx is located at the base of the spinal column.
73
What is the thorax?
Upper part of the trunk or cage of bone and cartilage
## Footnote
It contains principal organs of respiration and circulation.
74
What comprises the thoracic cage?
Sternum, ribs, and vertebrae
## Footnote
The thoracic cage protects the organs in the chest.
75
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs
## Footnote
Each rib is joined to a vertebra posteriorly.
76
What are the first seven pairs of ribs called?
True ribs
## Footnote
True ribs attach directly to the sternum.
77
What are the last five pairs of ribs referred to as?
False ribs
## Footnote
They do not attach directly to the sternum.
78
What does the term intercostal mean?
Between the ribs
## Footnote
Intercostal muscles help increase chest volume during breathing.
79
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bony framework surrounding the chest organs.
thoracic cage
80
What does the term Sub+costal refer to?
Indicates a position below the ribs
## Footnote
This term combines 'sub' meaning below and 'costal' relating to ribs.
81
What does Sub+sternal indicate?
A location or position below the sternum
## Footnote
The prefix 'sub' signifies beneath, while 'sternal' relates to the sternum.
82
What does the term Sterno+costal pertain to?
Relates to the sternum and the ribs
83
What does Vertebro-costal refer to?
Pertains to a rib and a vertebra
84
What does Costo+vertebral mean?
Pertains to a vertebra
## Footnote
Not all terms can be reversed, such as vertebrocostal and costovertebral.
85
What does Sterno/clavicular refer to?
Pertains to the clavicle and the sternum
86
What attaches to the sternum and either the right or left scapula?
Clavicles
87
What does the term Clavicultar pertain to?
Relates to the clavicle
88
What does Scapul+ar refer to?
Pertains to the scapula
89
What are sternal punctures used for?
To obtain a sample of bone marrow
90
What part of the body do the lower vertebrae help form?
Pelvis
91
What is the combining form for pelvis?
pelv/i
92
What does Pelv+ic mean?
Pertaining to the pelvis
93
What two components make up each hip bone?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
94
What is the joint where the two pubic bones are joined called?
Pubic symphysis
95
What does Ili+ac refer to?
Pertains to the ilium
96
What does Ischi+al mean?
Pertaining to the ischium
97
What does Pubtic mean?
Pertaining to the pubis
98
What does Ilio+pubic refer to?
Pertains to the ilium and the pubis
99
Fill in the blank: The term _______ means pertaining to the ischium and the pubis.
ischiopubic
100
Fill in the blank: The term _______ means pertaining to the ischium and the coccyx.
ischiococcygeal
101
What bones make up the shoulder?
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
102
What is the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow called?
Arm
103
What is the bone of the upper arm?
Humerus
104
What are the bones of the forearm?
Ulna, radius
105
What does Humero+scapular refer to?
Pertains to the humerus and the scapula
106
What does Humero+ulnar refer to?
Pertains to the humerus and the ulna
107
What does the term Ulnar mean?
Pertaining to the ulna
108
What does Humer+al mean?
Pertaining to the humerus
109
Fill in the blank: The term _______ means pertaining to the radius.
radial
110
What is the wrist also known as?
Carpus
111
What are the small bones of the wrist called?
Carpals
112
What does the term Carpectomy mean?
Excision of one or more bones of the wrist
113
What is the definition of the distal interphalangeal joint?
A joint located at the far end of the finger, between the distal phalanx and the middle phalanx
## Footnote
The distal interphalangeal joint is one of the joints in the fingers.
114
What bones make up the fingers?
Phalanges
## Footnote
Each finger has three phalanges except for the thumb, which has two.
115
What is the proximal interphalangeal joint?
A joint located between the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx
## Footnote
This joint is found in each finger.
116
What is the function of the metacarpophalangeal joint?
It connects the metacarpals to the phalanges
## Footnote
This joint allows for the movement of fingers.
117
What is the femur commonly known as?
Thigh bone
## Footnote
The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the human body.
118
Which bones make up the lower leg?
Tibia and fibula
## Footnote
The tibia is larger than the fibula.
119
What does the term 'carpal' refer to?
Wrist bones
## Footnote
The carpal bones consist of eight small bones.
120
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
A complex of symptoms resulting from pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
## Footnote
Symptoms can include pain, burning, or tingling in the fingers or hand.
121
What does 'meta-' mean in anatomical terms?
Change or next in a series
## Footnote
This prefix is commonly used in terms like metacarpals.
122
How many phalanges are present in the thumb?
Two
## Footnote
The other fingers have three phalanges each.
123
What is phalangitis?
Inflammation of the bones of the fingers or toes
## Footnote
This condition can cause pain and swelling.
124
Which bone is referred to as the kneecap?
Patella
## Footnote
The patella is a small bone that protects the knee joint.
125
What is the calcaneus?
The heel bone
## Footnote
It is the largest bone in the tarsus.
126
How many tarsal bones are there in the ankle?
Seven
## Footnote
The tarsal bones include the calcaneus, talus, and others.
127
What does 'articul/o' refer to?
Joint
## Footnote
This root is used in terms related to joints.
128
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the name of the longest bone in the body.
femur
129
What is the function of cartilage in joints?
To cover the ends of opposing bones and reduce friction
## Footnote
Cartilage helps in the smooth movement of joints.
130
What does 'tars/o' mean?
Tarsus (ankle bones)
## Footnote
This term is used in various anatomical contexts.
131
What is the adjective that means pertaining to the femur?
femoral
## Footnote
This term is used in various medical contexts.
132
What does 'patello-femoral' refer to?
The relationship between the patella and the femur
## Footnote
This term is often used in discussions of knee joint mechanics.
133
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
Five
## Footnote
The metatarsals are located between the tarsals and the phalanges.
134
What does the word part 'ankyl/o' mean?
stiff
135
What does the word part 'arthr/o' refer to?
joint
136
What does the suffix '-asthenia' signify?
weakness
137
What is the meaning of 'chondr/o'?
cartilage
138
What does the prefix 'de-' indicate?
down, from, or reversing
139
What does 'meta-' mean?
change or next in a series
140
What type of tumor does the suffix '-sarcoma' denote?
malignant tumor of connective tissue
141
What does the combining form 'ten/o' or 'tend/o' refer to?
tendon
142
What is the definition of cartilage?
A specialized type of dense connective tissue that is elastic but strong
143
Where is cartilage primarily found in the body?
joints, thorax, larynx, trachea, nose, ear
144
What does the term 'chondral' mean?
pertaining to cartilage
145
What does 'subchondral' mean?
beneath the cartilage
146
What does 'vertebrochondral' refer to?
pertaining to a vertebra and its adjacent cartilage
147
What is the meaning of 'costochondral'?
pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
148
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
* Cardiac muscle
* Smooth muscle
* Skeletal muscle
149
What type of muscle is under conscious or voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
150
What is the role of fascia in the muscular system?
Covers, supports, and separates muscles
151
What are tendons?
Bands of strong fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones
152
What does 'viscer/o' refer to?
internal organs enclosed within a body cavity
153
What type of muscle is described as involuntary and lacks striations?
Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
154
What distinguishes cardiac muscle from other muscle types?
It is involuntary but striated
155
What does 'micro-' signify in medical terminology?
small
156
What does '-scope' refer to?
instrument used for viewing
157
What does 'in-' mean in medical terms?
not
158
What does 'cardi/o' refer to?
heart
159
What is extension in terms of body movement?
To straighten
160
What are the major muscles of the shoulder area?
* Trapezius
* Deltoid
* Pectoralis major
161
What are the main muscles of the arm?
* Brachialis
* Biceps brachii
* Brachioradialis
162
What are the key muscles of the abdomen?
* External abdominal oblique
* Linea alba
163
What is the definition of an articulation?
The place of union between two or more bones
164
What are synovial joints?
Joints that have cavities between articulating bones, covered with cartilage and surrounded by a synovial membrane
165
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates the joint and makes it freely movable
166
Name four common types of joint motion.
* Extension
* Flexion
* Rotation
* Circumduction
167
What does flexion mean?
To bend
168
What is rotation in joint movement?
Movement of a bone around its own axis
169
What is circumduction?
Circular movement of a limb at the far end
170
What do the terms abduction and adduction refer to?
Abduction means movement away from the midline; adduction means movement toward the midline
171
What is range of motion (ROM)?
The maximum amount of movement that a healthy joint is capable of
172
What is the purpose of ROM exercises?
To increase muscle strength and joint mobility, and to detect joint weakness or injury
173
What are ligaments?
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage
174
What does ligamentous mean?
Related to or resembling a ligament
175
What is a bursa?
A sac of fluid located in areas of friction, especially in joints
176
True or False: The rotator cuff in the shoulder provides mobility and strength.
True
177
Fill in the blank: The __________ secretes synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
178
What is the effect of a torn rotator cuff?
Shoulder weakness, pain, and decreased ROM
179
What does fascial mean?
Pertaining to fascia
## Footnote
Fascia is a band or sheet of connective tissue that supports and surrounds organs.
180
What does myo+lysis refer to?
Destruction or breakdown of muscle.
181
Define myo+pathy.
Any disease of muscle.
182
What does musculo+fascial refer to?
Consists of muscle and fascia.
183
What is my+algia?
Muscle pain.
184
What characterizes chronic fatigue syndrome?
Disabling fatigue.
185
What is myo+fibro+sis?
Replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous tissue.
186
What is myasthenia gravis?
Fatigue and muscle weakness due to a defect in nerve impulse conduction.
187
What is a dislocation?
Displacement of a bone from a joint.
188
Define fracture.
Breaking of a bone, usually from sudden injury.
189
What is a simple fracture?
Bone is broken but does not puncture the skin surface.
190
What is a compound fracture?
Broken bone is visible through an opening in the skin.
191
What is a sprain?
Injury to a joint causing pain and disability.
192
Define strain.
Excessive use of a part of the body leading to injury.
193
What is a myo+cele?
Condition where muscle protrudes through its fascial covering.
194
What does tendin+itis mean?
Inflammation of a tendon.
195
What is a herniated disk?
Ruptured disk that can press on the spinal cord or spinal nerve.
196
What is para+plegia?
Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs.
197
Define quadri+plegia.
Paralysis of the arms and legs.
198
What is paresis?
Motor weakness or partial paralysis.
199
What does para+paresis mean?
Partial paralysis of the lower limbs.
200
What is quadriparesis?
Affects all four extremities.
201
Fill in the blank: The term for replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is _______.
my/o + fibr/o + -osis
202
Fill in the blank: The term for muscular weakness is _______.
my/o + -asthenia
203
Fill in the blank: The term for paralysis in the lower limbs and trunk is _______.
para- + -plegia
204
Fill in the blank: The term for paralysis of arms and legs is _______.
quadri- + -plegia
205
Fill in the blank: The term for fascial hernia is _______.
my/o + -cele
206
Match the term 'compound fracture' with its meaning.
Bone broken, and protrudes through opening in skin.
207
Match the term 'simple fracture' with its meaning.
Bone broken, but does not protrude through skin.
208
Match the term 'dislocation' with its meaning.
Displacement of a bone from a joint.
209
Match the term 'strain' with its meaning.
Muscle injury caused by excessive use of body part.
210
What does cellul/o mean?
little cell
211
What is the meaning of -itis?
inflammation
212
What is myocellulitis?
inflammation involving muscle and small cells
213
Define cellulitis.
acute, spreading inflammation of deep subcutaneous tissues
214
What does oste/o refer to?
bone
215
What does chondr/o signify?
cartilage
216
What does -sarcoma indicate?
malignant tumor
217
What is osteitis?
inflammation of a bone
218
What causes osteitis?
infection, degeneration, or trauma
219
What is osteomyelitis?
infection of the bone and bone marrow
220
What is osteochondritis?
inflammation of bone and cartilage
221
What does myelitis mean?
inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow
222
What does myelo + fibr + osis refer to?
replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue
223
What does myelo + encephal + itis mean?
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
224
What are benign tumors?
non-cancerous tumors in the musculoskeletal system
225
What are malignant bone tumors?
tumors that may be primary or secondary
226
Define sarcomas.
cancers that arise from connective tissue
227
What is a chondro + sarcoma?
malignant tumor composed of cartilage
228
What is a fibro + sarcoma?
malignant tumor containing fibrous tissue
229
What are leukemias?
diseases of blood-forming tissues characterized by unrestrained growth of leukocytes
230
What is myelosuppression?
inhibition of the bone marrow
231
What is the preferred site for bone marrow aspiration?
posterior iliac crest
232
What is multiple myeloma?
a disease with many tumor masses in the bone and bone marrow
233
What is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical processes that result in growth
234
What are metabolic disorders?
conditions that disrupt homeostasis in the body
235
What is osteoporosis?
a metabolic disease leading to reduced bone mass and fractures
236
Who is most often affected by osteoporosis?
postmenopausal women, sedentary individuals, and long-term steroid therapy patients
237
What is dowager's hump?
abnormal curvature of the spine often seen in osteoporosis
238
What does -porosis mean?
thinning of bone
239
Fill in the blank: Osteoporosis may cause pain, especially in the _______.
lower back
240
What is osteitis deformans also known as?
Paget disease
## Footnote
Characterized by chronic bone inflammation leading to thickening and softening of bones.
241
What is osteomalacia?
A reversible skeletal disorder characterized by a defect in the mineralization of bone
## Footnote
Most commonly caused by vitamin D deficiency.
242
What is the specific term for shortening of the vertebrae?
Spondylo+malacia
243
What is the term for acute inflammation of deep subcutaneous tissues?
Cellulitis
244
What is the term for infection of bone and bone marrow?
Osteomyelitis
245
What does osteochondritis refer to?
Inflammation of bone and cartilage
246
What is the term for a malignant tumor composed of cartilage?
Chondrosarcoma
247
What does fibrosarcoma refer to?
Malignant tumor containing fibrous tissue
248
What is leukopenia?
Disease characterized by unrestrained WBC growth
249
What is osteoporosis?
Abnormal loss of bone density and bone deterioration
250
What does osteomalacia mean?
Abnormal mineralization and softening of bone
251
What is spina bifida?
A congenital abnormality characterized by defective closure of the bones of the spine
## Footnote
Can lead to herniation of the spinal cord.
252
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
253
What is kyphosis commonly known as?
Humpback or hunchback
254
What condition is characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system?
Muscular dystrophy
255
What is craniocele?
Hernial protrusion of the brain through a defect in the skull
256
What is flatfoot also known as?
Tarsopotosis
257
What does arthritis refer to?
Any inflammatory condition of the joints
258
What is osteoarthritis also referred to as?
Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
259
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
260
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
A chronic, systemic disease that often results in joint deformities
261
What does spondylarthritis refer to?
Inflammation of a vertebra
262
What is ankylosis?
An abnormal condition in which a joint is immobile and stiff
263
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
A condition where the whole spine becomes stiffened
264
What does polyarthritis refer to?
Inflammation of more than one joint
265
What does LE refer to in medical terms?
Lower extremity
## Footnote
LE may also refer to lupus erythematosus in other contexts.
266
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa
267
Define arthralgia.
Painful joint
268
What is lupus erythematosus (LE)?
An autoimmune disease involving connective tissue
269
What characteristic rash is associated with lupus erythematosus?
Butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose
270
What is gout?
A painful metabolic disease and form of acute arthritis
271
What causes gout?
Hyperuricemia and deposits of urates in joints
272
What is arthroscopy?
Direct visualization of the interior of a joint using an endoscope
273
What is the purpose of arthrotomy?
Incision of a joint
274
What does arthropathy refer to?
Any disease of a joint
275
What is the definition of spondylitis?
Spinal arthritis
276
What does polyarthritis mean?
Inflammation of more than one joint
277
What is ankylosis?
Stiff joint
278
What does bursitis refer to?
Inflammation of a bursa
279
What is the term for direct visualization of the interior of a joint?
Arthroscopy
280
Fill in the blank: A congenital abnormality characterized by defective closure of the spine is _______.
spina bifida
281
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
282
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease
283
What is the term for painful joint?
Arthralgia or arthritis
284
What type of arthritis is characterized as chronic and systemic?
Rheumatoid arthritis
285
What is hyperuricemia?
Excessive uric acid in the blood
286
What does the term 'simple, complete fracture' refer to?
A fracture that does not break through the skin and is fully broken
287
What is the fibula?
A bone in the lower leg
288
What does arthralgia mean?
Pain in the joints
289
What is arthroscopy?
A procedure to view the interior of a joint
290
What is the management process for fractures?
Reduction, immobilization, and sometimes surgery
291
What is closed reduction?
Restoring a fracture to its normal position without surgery
292
What is open reduction?
Restoring a fracture to its normal position through surgery
293
What is internal fixation?
Stabilization of a fracture using pins, rods, or plates
294
What does external fixation involve?
Metal pins attached to a device outside the skin
295
What is the process called that begins after a bone is broken?
Healing process to repair the injury
296
Name three treatments that may be used when bone healing is slow.
* Electrical bone stimulation
* Bone grafting
* Ultrasound treatment
297
What condition predisposes individuals to fractures?
Osteoporosis
298
What is the abnormal loss of bone density associated with osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis
299
List three treatments used for osteoporosis.
* Calcium therapy
* Vitamin D
* Anti-osteoporotics
300
What therapy may help in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?
Estrogen therapy
301
What is vertebroplasty?
A procedure where a cementlike substance is injected into a fractured vertebra to stabilize and strengthen it
302
What is the surgical procedure for excision of a bunion called?
Bunionectomy
303
What is the difference between oste + ectomy and ostectomy?
Oste + ectomy refers to excision of a bone, while ostectomy is the term commonly used
304
What is craniotomy?
Any surgical opening into the skull
305
What is craniectomy?
Excision of a segment of the skull
306
What is tendo + plasty?
Surgical repair of tendon
307
What is myo + plasty?
Surgical repair of muscle
308
What condition may require a laminectomy?
Herniated disk
309
What is spinal anesthesia?
Loss of feeling produced by an anesthetic injected into the spinal canal
310
What is a lumbar puncture used for?
To extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes or to introduce agents into the spinal canal
311
What are NSAIDs?
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
312
Name two examples of NSAIDs.
* Aspirin
* Ibuprofen
313
What are COX-2 inhibitors used for?
To reduce inflammation of arthritis
314
What are DMARDs?
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs that may change the course of inflammatory conditions
315
What is arthroscopy used for?
To remove torn cartilage or loose bodies in a joint space
316
What is chondr + ectomy?
Excision of cartilage
317
What is total joint replacement?
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint
318
What is the term for the surgical insertion of a hinged device in the knee?
Total knee replacement
319
What is arthro + plasty?
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint
320
What is myelosuppression?
Inhibition of bone marrow function
321
What are bone marrow transplants (BMIs) used for?
To stimulate the production of normal blood after destruction of bone marrow
