Chapter 5 The Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Question 0

Of the four main classes , which ones are macromolecules

Answer 0

Carbohydrates , proteins , and Nucleic acids

Question 1

What are the four main classes of molecules of organic compounds

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 2

What is the significance of the architecture if a large biological molecule?

Answer 2

Helps explain how that molecule works

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

A long molecule consisting of many similar to identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 4

Monomers

Answer 4

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 5

The chemical mechanisms by which cells make and break down polymers are basically ______ in all cases

Answer 5

The same

Question 6

Enzyme

Answer 6

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Question 7

How are monomers connected

Answer 7

By a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to one another with the loss of a water molecule

Question 8

Dehydration reaction

Answer 8

When a bond forms between two monomers each monomer contributes part of the water part of the water molecule that is released during the reaction: one monomer provides the hydroxyl group –OH While the other provides the hydrogen. This is repeated as monomers are added to the chain one by one making a polymer

Question 9

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by _____

Answer 9

Hydrolysis

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

A process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. Means to break using water

Question 11

Explain hydrolysis

Answer 11

The bond between the monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with the hydrogen from the water attaching to the adjacent monomer

Question 12

Example of hydrolysis

Answer 12

Digestion within our bodies; the bulk of the organic material in our food is in the form of polymers that are much too large to enter our cells. Within the digestive tract, various enzymes attack the polymers, speeding up hydrolysis. The released monomers are then absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution to all body cells. Those cells can then use dehydration reactions to assemble the monomers into new different polymers that can perform specific functions required by the cell

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Includes both sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 14

The simplest carbohydrates

Answer 14

Monosaccharides or simple sugars . Which are monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are constructed

Question 15

Disaccharide

Answer 15

Double sugars consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Question 16

Polysaccharide

Answer 16

Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Question 17

Monosaccharides

Answer 17

Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O.

Question 18

Glucose

Answer 18

C6H12O6. The most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in chemistry of life.

Question 19

Disaccharide

Answer 19

Consisted of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 20

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 20

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 21

Polysaccharide

Answer 21

Macromolecules; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some serve as storage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells. Others serve as building materials for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism

Question 22

What determines the architecture and function of a polysaccharide

Answer 22

It’s sugar monomers and by the positions of its glycosidic linkages

Question 23

Starch

Answer 23

Plants store starch, A polymer of glucose monomers

Question 24

How is starch stored by plants

Answer 24

Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures known as plastids. Which include chloroplasts.

Question 25

What does synthesizing starch allow a plant to do ?

Answer 25

Enables a plant to stockpile surplus glucose. Because glucose is a major cellular fuel, starch represents stored energy