Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

What is consciousness?

Answer 1

the awareness of internal and external stimuli

Question 2

What does mind wandering refer to?

Answer 2

people’s experience of task-unrelated thoughts

Question 3

What are the 4 types of EEG pattern?

Answer 3

Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta

Question 4

What is the Beta EEG pattern?

Answer 4

Normal waking thought, alert problem solving

Question 5

What is the Alpha EEG pattern?

Answer 5

Deep relaxation, blank mind, mediation.

Question 6

What is the Theta EEG pattern?

Answer 6

Light Sleep

Question 7

What is the Delta EEG pattern?

Answer 7

Deep Sleep

Question 8

What are the two biological rhythms?

Answer 8

1. Biological Rhythms 2. Circadian rhythms

Question 9

What is Biological Rhythms? PeFl,PhFu,PlRh

Answer 9

periodic fluctuation in physiological functions tied to planetary rhythms.

Question 10

What is Circadian Rhythms?

Answer 10

are 24-hour cycles that are influential in the regulation of sleep.

Question 11

What are internal biological clocks reset by?

Answer 11

by exposure to light, which stimulates the SCN in the hypothalamus

Question 12

What does EEG stand for?

Answer 12

the electroencephalograph

Question 13

What does EEG do?

Answer 13

is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time.

Question 14

What are the nature of your dreams?

Answer 14

• dreams are less exotic than Freud thought
• external stimuli
• culturally view differently

Question 15

What are the theories of dreaming?

Answer 15

• Freud = dreams is wish fulfillment.
• dreams provide an opportunity to think creatively about personal problems.
• The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces waking-like brain waves during REM sleep.

Question 16

What is EOG?

Answer 16

records eye movements

Question 17

What is Non-REM sleep?

Answer 17

Stages 1-4 - is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.

Question 18

What is REM sleep?

Answer 18

is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.

Question 19

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 19

• Ordinary sleep – Fast, low-amplitude beta waves
• Relaxed Wakefulness – Rhythmic Alpha waves
• Stage 1 – Small, irregular brain waves
• Stage 2 – Appearance of spindle-shaped waves called sleep spindles.
• Stage 3 and 4 – Appearance of large, slow delta waves
• REM sleep – Similar to ordinary wakefulness

Question 20

What is slow wave sleep?

Answer 20

consists of sleep stage 3 and 4, during which high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.

Question 21

What percentage is REM sleep at birth then as a adult?

Answer 21

50% of the time in babies, and only 20% in adults.

Question 22

What does ARAS stand for?

Answer 22

Ascending Reticular Activating System

Question 23

What does ARAS mean?

Answer 23

consists of the afferent fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal . * hypothalamus

Question 24

What are the causes of sleep deprivation?

Answer 24

• North America suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
• have far more negative effects than most people assume.
• Deprivation from REM and slow-wave sleep leads to increased attempts to shift into these stages of sleep and increased time in these stages after sleep deprivation ends.

Question 25

What are the 7 sleep disorders?

Answer 25

1. Insomnia - Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep. 2. Narcolepsy - sudden, irresistible onsets of sleep during waking hours. 3. Nightmares - Anxiety-arousing dreams that leads to awakening, usually from REM sleep. 4. Night Terrors - Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep. 5. Sleep Apnea - frequent reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep. 6. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) - Wandering around while remaining asleep. 7. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) - potentially troublesome, even violent, dream enactments during REM periods.

Question 26

What is Hypnosis?

Answer 26

Procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

Question 27

What effects happen because of hypnosis?

Answer 27

- variety of effects including anesthesia, sensory distortions, disinhibition, and posthypnotic amnesia.

Question 28

What are theories of hypnosis?

Answer 28

- produces a normal state of consciousness in which people act out the role of a hypnotized subject.

Question 29

What is the role-playing in hypnosis?

Answer 29

hypnotic feats can be duplicated by non-hypnotized subjects and that hypnotic subjects are often acting out a role.

Question 30

According to Ernest Hilgard, what does hypnosis produce?

Answer 30

an altered state of awareness characterized by dissociation.

Question 31

What is the altered-state view?

Answer 31

divided consciousness is a common experience, as illustrated by highway hypnosis.

Question 32

What is mediation?

Answer 32

- practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.

Question 33

What are two main styles of mediation?

Answer 33

- focused attention and open monitoring

Question 34

What does effective mediation lead to?

Answer 34

- a beneficial physiological state that may be accompanied by changes in brain activity

Question 35

What may mediation produce?

Answer 35

- alterations in brain structure.

Question 36

What are the drugs and their altering consciousness?

Answer 36

- Narcotics -- Drugs deprived from opium, such as heroin. side effects = nausea. constipation - Sedatives -- Sleep-inducing drugs that decrease CNS activation, such as barbiturates. side effects = emotional swings - Stimulates -- Drugs that increase CNS activation, such as cocaine and amphetamines. side effects = increased blood pressure and heart rate. - Hallucinogens -- Drugs that produce sensory distortions and diverse mental and emotional effects, such as LSD and mescaline. side effects = nausea, and paranoia - Cannabis -- Hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are deprived. side effects = dry mouth, and bloodshot eyes. - Alcohol -- includes a variety of beverages that contain ethyl alcohol. side effects = emotional swings

Question 37

What do sedatives do to the CNS?

Answer 37

decreases CNS activation and behavioral activity

Question 38

What does Stimulates do to the CNS?

Answer 38

increase CNS and behavioral activity

Question 39

What does Hallucinogens do to the functions of your body?

Answer 39

distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.

Question 40

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 40

when exposed to light, some receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus.