Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 1

is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.

Question 2

Who pioneered Classical Conditioning?

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov, got dogs to salivate when a tone was presented

Question 3

What is the main purpose of classical conditioning?

Answer 3

regulates involuntary, reflexive responses.

Question 4

What are some examples for Classical Conditioning?

Answer 4

emotional responses, such as fears and physiological responses such as immunosuppression and sexual arousal.

Question 5

Responses controlled through classical conditioning are said to?

Answer 5

be elicited

Question 6

Classical Conditioning begins with?

Answer 6

• unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 7

What is it called before any stimulus is added?

Answer 7

Neutral Stimulus

Question 8

What happens when the NS is paired with the UCS?

Answer 8

it becomes a CS that elicits a conditioned response (CR)

Question 9

What occurs when the CS and UCS are paired, gradually resulting in a CR?

Answer 9

Acquisition

Question 10

What does Acquisition mean?

Answer 10

Acquisition is a formation of a conditioned response tendency.

Question 11

What occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented alone until it no longer elicits a CR?

Answer 11

Extinction

Question 12

What does extinction mean?

Answer 12

is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response tendency.

Question 13

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 13

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS.

Question 14

What is generalization?

Answer 14

occurs when an organism responds to new stimuli besides the original stimulus.

Question 15

When a CR is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS, as in Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert.

Answer 15

Generalization

Question 16

When a CR is not elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS.

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

What is discrimination?

Answer 17

occurs when an organism does not respond to other stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.

Question 18

What is High-order Conditioning?

Answer 18

occurs when a CS functions as if it were a US.

Question 19

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 19

responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Question 20

Who pioneered operant conditioning?

Answer 20

B.F Skinner, who showed rats and pigeons tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable outcomes.

Question 21

What does Operant Conditioning mainly do?

Answer 21

regulates voluntary, spontaneous responses.

Question 22

What are some examples of Operant Conditioning?

Answer 22

studying, going to work, telling jokes, asking someone out, and gambling.

Question 23

When does reinforcement occur?

Answer 23

When an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.

Question 24

Responses controlled through operant conditioning are said to be?

Answer 24

emitted

Question 25

What is a Skinner box?

Answer 25

demonstrations of O.C typically occur in a skinner box, where an animals reinforcement is controlled.

Question 26

What key dependents variables is the animals response rate?

Answer 26

monitored by a cumulative recorder, with results portrayed in graphs.

Question 27

What is Acquisition in Operant Conditioning?

Answer 27

occurs when a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement.

Question 28

Acquisition may involve shaping?

Answer 28

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response.

Question 29

When does extinction occur in O.C?

Answer 29

when responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated.

Question 30

When does generalization happen in O.C?

Answer 30

occurs when responding increases in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus.

Question 31

When does discrimination occur in O.C?

Answer 31

occurs when responding does not increase in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus.

Question 32

What is the primary reinforcers?

Answer 32

inherently reinforcing, whereas secondary reinforcers develop through learning.

Question 33

When does intermittent reinforcement occur?

Answer 33

When a response is reinforced only some of the time.

Question 34

What is the ratio schedules?

Answer 34

the reinforcer is given after a Fixed Response (FR) or Variable (VR) number of nonreinforced responses.

Question 35

What is in interval schedules?

Answer 35

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed (FI) or variable (VI) time interval has elapsed.

Question 36

What tend to lead to higher response rates?

Answer 36

Ratio schedules (FR and VR)

Question 37

What tends to yield more resistance to extinction?

Answer 37

Variable Schedules (VR and VI)

Question 38

When does positive reinforcement occur?

Answer 38

when a response is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Question 39

When does a Negative reinforcement occur?

Answer 39

When a response is followed by the removal of an aversion stimulus.

Question 40

What are the key roles that play in negative reinforcement?

Answer 40

escape learning and avoidance learning

Question 40

What are the key roles that play in negative reinforcement?

Answer 40

escape learning and avoidance learning

Question 41

When does punishment occur?

Answer 41

When an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

Question 42

What did John Garcia find in recognizing biological constraints on learning?

Answer 42

almost impossible to create some associations, whereas conditioned taste aversions are readily acquired in spite of long CS-UCS delays, which he attributed to evolutionary influences.

Question 43

When does preparedness appear?

Answer 43

to explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat much more readily than to modern sources of threat.

Question 44

What did Tolman's study find?

Answer 44

learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement.

Question 45

What did Robert Rescorla show on the process of classical conditioning?

Answer 45

the predictive value of a CS.