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Biol225 > Chapter 50 > Flashcards

Chapter 50 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory processes

A

convey information about an animals environment to its brain, muscles and skeletons carry our movements as in structed by brain

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2
Q

All stimuli

A

represent forms of energy

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3
Q

Sensation involves…

A

converting energy into change in membrane potential of sensory receptors

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4
Q

General pathway of simple response pathway

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Output
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5
Q

(5) Sensory Receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Electromagnetic Receptors
  4. Thermoreceptors
  5. Pain Receptors
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6
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sense physical deformation caused by stimuli (pressure, stretch, motion and sound)

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7
Q

Mammalian sense of touch relies on

A

Mechanoreceptors that are dendrites of sensory neurons

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

transmit info about the total solute concentration of a solution

  • specific chemoreceptors respond to individual kinds of molecules.
  • When a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor, it becomes (more or less) permeable to ions
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9
Q

Electromagnetic receptors

A

detect e-magnetic energy (light, electricity, magnetism)

-migration patterns reliant on this

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to heat/cold

  • help regulate body temp by signaling body surface and core temperatures
  • mammals have many kinds–specific for a temperature range
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11
Q

Nociceptors

A

(Pain Receptors) detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions.
-respond to excess (heat, pressure, chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues)

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12
Q

Hearing and perception of body Equilibre.

A

Related in most animals

-both senses; settling particles/moving fluid is detected by mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

Statocysts

A

Organ in which mechanoreceptors for most invertebrates to maintain equilibrium

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14
Q

Statoliths

A

granules that detect movement in mechanoreceptors in statocysts.

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15
Q

Many arthropods sense sounds

A

w/

  • body hairs (vibrate)
  • localized *ears consisting of tympanic membrane stretched over an internal air chamber
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16
Q

Hearing and equilibrium in mammals

A

most terrestrial vertebrates; sensory organs for them closely associated in the ear

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17
Q

Cochlea

A

has two large chambers:

  • vestibular canal
  • tympanic canal
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18
Q

Organ of corti

A

contains the mechanoreceptors of the ear

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19
Q

Hearing (part 1)

A
  1. percussion waves in the air vibrate tympanic membrane.
  2. Three bones of middle ear transmit them to oval window on cochlea
  3. creates pressure waves in cochlear fluid that travel through vestibular canal.
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20
Q

Three bones of middle ear

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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21
Q

Hearing (part 2)

A
  1. pressure waves in canal cause vibrations in basilar membrane. Bending Hair cells
  2. Hair cells bending depolarize membranes of mechanoreceptors
  3. send action potentials to the brain via auditory nerve
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22
Q

Transduction in cochlea

A

fluid waves dissipate when they strike the round window at the end of the tympanic canal

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23
Q

Equilibrium

A

organs of inner ear detect body movement, position and balance:

  • Utricle and Saccule
  • Three semicircular canals
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24
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

contain granules called otoliths –used to perceive position relative to gravity/linear movement

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25
Q

Three semicircular canals

A

contain fluid, detect angular movement in any direction

(X, Y, Z) planes

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26
Q

Fish/aquatic amphibians hearing+Equilibrium

A
  • only pair of inner ears near brain

- lateral line system (along both sides of their body)

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27
Q

Lateral line system

A

contains mechanoreceptors that detect+respond to water movement

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28
Q

Underlying mechanism for capturing light

A

is the same for animals, although the diverse set of organs for vision.
-suggests a common evolutionary origin

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29
Q

Light detectors all contain

A

photoreceptors (cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules

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30
Q

Light-Detecting organ

A

(most invertebrates have one)

  • simplest is that of planarians
  • pair of ocelli (called eyespots) located near head
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31
Q

Ocelli

A

allows planarians to move away from light to seek shaded locations

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32
Q

Compound eyes

A

(insects and crustaceans)
consist of many light detectors (called ommatidia)
-effective at detecting movement
-insects have excellent colour vision and can see in UV range

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33
Q

Single lens eyes

A

(some jellies, polychaetes, spiders, many molluscs)
*eyes of all vertebrates have a single lens
camera-like principle:
-iris changes diameter of pupul (control amount of light entering)

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34
Q

Vertebrate visual system

A
  • eye detects colour and light

- brain assembles info and perceives image

35
Q

Rhodopsin

A

where transduction of visual information to NS begins. when light induces conversion:

Cis-retinal to trans-retinal

36
Q

Vertebrates that see colour well

A
  • most fish
  • amphibians and reptiles, birds
  • humans and primates (not many other mammals)
37
Q

Two types of photoreceptors in human retina

A
  • Rods (vision at low light levels)

- Cones (active at higher light levels, colour vision)

38
Q

Noctornal mammals

A

usually high proportion of rods in retina

39
Q

processing of visual info

A

done by brain

40
Q

Fovea

A

the center of the visual field

  • no rods
  • high density of cones
41
Q

Focusing: Near vision

A

(accommodation)

  • cilliary muscles contract, pulling border of choroid toward lens
  • suspensory ligaments relax
  • lens becomes thicker+rounder, thus focusing on nearby objects
42
Q

Focusing: Distance vision

A
  • cilliary muscles relax
  • border of choroid moves away from lens
  • suspensory ligaments pull against lens
  • lens becomes flatter+focusing on distant objects
43
Q

In terrestrial animals: Gustation

A

(taste) is dependent on the detection of tastant chemicals

44
Q

In terrestrial animals: Olfaction

A

(smell) is dependent on the detection of odorant molecules

45
Q

Aquatic mammals (olfaction and gustation)

A

there is no distinction between the two

46
Q

Taste receptors of insects

A

in sensory hairs located on:

  • feet
  • mouth parts
47
Q

Taste in mammals

A

receptor cells for taste are modified epithelial cells, organized into taste buds

48
Q

Five taste perceptions

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty (researchers havent identified the receptors for it yet)
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami (elicited by glutamate
49
Q

Papillae

A

projections on most taste buds; detect the five types of taste

50
Q

Taste receptors are of three types:

A
  1. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
  2. Thermoreceptor proteins (TRP)
  3. Sodium channels
51
Q
  1. GPCRs
A

sensations of

  • sweet
  • umami
  • bitter
52
Q
  1. TRP
A

Capsaicin and sour

53
Q
  1. Sodium channel
A

receptor for salty

54
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

neurons that line the upper portion of nasal cavity

55
Q

Binding of odorant molecules to receptors

A

triggers a signal transduction pathway; sending action potentials to the brain

56
Q

Interaction of senses

A

although receptors/brain pathways for taste and smell are independent, they interact

57
Q

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

A

-

  • muscle cell contra
  • moves bones and the body, characterized by a hierarchy of units that get smaller and smaller
58
Q

muscle activity

A

is a response to input from NS

59
Q

muscle cell contraction relies on…

A
  • interaction between thin filaments (mainly actin) and motor protein (myosin)
  • reaction is dependent on ATP
60
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

consists of bundle of long fibers

  • each a single cell
  • running parallel to length of the muscle
  • AKA: Striated muscle
61
Q

Myofibrils

A

bundled together longitudinally to create unit of each muscle fiber.

62
Q

Myofibrils composition

A

composed of two kinds of myofilaments:

  • Thin Filaments (two strands of both actin and regulatory protein)
  • Thick filaments (staggered arrays of myosin)
63
Q

Striated muscle

A

(skeletal muscle)

has a regular arrangement of myofilaments creating pattern of light & dark bands

64
Q

Functional unit of a muscle

A

Sarcomere

-bordered by Z lines (where filaments attach)

65
Q

Sliding-Filament model (part 1)

A

according to this model:

  • Thin and thick filaments slide past one another (longitudinally)
  • powered by myosin molecules
66
Q

Sliding of filaments

A

Relies on interaction between:

  • “head” of myosin binds to actin filament
  • forms cross-bridge, pulls thin filament toward center of sarcomere
67
Q

Muscle contraction requires

A
  • repeated cycles of binding and release

- sustained muscle contraction dependent ATP generated by Glycolysis aerobic respiration.

68
Q

Stimulus learing to contraction of a muscle fibre

A

is an action potential in a motor neuron that makes a synapse with a muscle fibre

69
Q

Regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

A

synaptic terminal of the motor neuron releases acetylcholine.

  • depolarizes the muscle; causing it to produce action potential
  • AP travel to interior of muscle fiber along Transverse (T) tubules
70
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

releases Ca 2+ ions in respinse to AP along T tubules.
-Ca2+ binds to troponin complex on thin filaments, exposing myosin-binding sites allowing the cross bridge cycle to proceed

71
Q

Muscle cell relaxes

A

when motor neuron input stops

  • transport proteins in SR pump Ca2+ out of cytosol
  • regulatory proteins bound to thin filaments shift back to myosin-binding sites
72
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • found only in heart
  • consist of striated cells electrically connected by intercalated disks
  • can generate AP’s without neural input
73
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • found mainly in walls of hollow organs (digestive tract)
  • Contractions are relatively slow, may be initiated by the muscles themselves, or my stimulation from neurons in Autonomic NS
74
Q

Skeletal muscles attached in

A

Antagonistic pairs

-actions of which are coordinated by the nervous system

75
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • provides rigid structure to which muscles attach

- support, protection and movement

76
Q

Three main types of skeletons

A
  1. Hydrostatic skeletons (lack hard parts)
  2. Exoskeletons (external hard parks)
  3. Endoskeletons (internal hard parts)
77
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

(cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids)

  • fluid held under pressure in closed compartment
  • some use this for peristalsis
78
Q

Exoskeletons

A

(most molluscs, arthropods)

  • Hard encasement deposited on surface of animal
  • Arthropods have jointed exoskeleton called a cuticle.
79
Q

cuticle

A

strong and flexible made of (polysaccharide) chitin

80
Q

Endoskeleton

A

hard, internal skeleton buried in soft tissue

81
Q

Weight of a body increases

A

with the cube of its dimensions

82
Q

strength of body increases

A

with the square of its dimensions

83
Q

Mammals and birds, position of

A

legs relative to the body very important indicator of how much weight its legs can bear.

84
Q

Locomotion

A

active travel from place to place

-energy expended to overcome friction and gravity

Biol225 (7 decks)

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