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PSYO2150 - Midterm #1 - Perceptual Processes > Chapter 5.1 - Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1 - Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

Artificial Intelligence is technology that allows a machine to mimic human behaviour

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2
Q

What are the subsets of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

Machine Learning (Supervised) & Deep Learning (Unsupervised)

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3
Q

What is Machine Learning?

A

Machine Learning is a type of supervised learning, where humans curate training data, and write rules to create algorithms to allow this process to work

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4
Q

What is Deep Learning?

A

Deep Learning is a type of unsupervised learning that is mediated through an artificial neural network where there is no human intervention

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5
Q

Machine Learning is ___

A

Supervised

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6
Q

Deep Learning is ___

A

Unsupervised

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7
Q

___ has enabled faster progress in artificial vision

A

Deep Learning (Unsupervised)

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8
Q

Humans don’t know enough about ___ to make good rules about machine learning for artificial vision, ___ is able to create a better performing AI

A

Biological Vision // Unsupervised Deep Learning

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9
Q

What is a consequence of Deep Learning?

A

Humans sometimes can’t understand the rules of artificial neural networks

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10
Q

How many neurons does a fruit fly have?

A

~250,000

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11
Q

Which is more advanced, navigation and vision from Computer AI, or from a biological system?

A

Biological system

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12
Q

How long will it take before our artificial computer-based vision and navigation matches that of a biological system?

A

A long time

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13
Q

What is the Inverse Projection Problem?

A

The stimulus falling on the retina is very ambiguous, and different objects can cast the same image on the retina

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14
Q

We exist and operate in a __ world, however we gather visual information from __ images projected onto the retina, and so there can be many possible shapes in the environment that can create a similar image

A

3D // 2D

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15
Q

Projection of the __ world onto the __ retina, is then reconstructed into a __ Perception

A

3D // 2D // 3D

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16
Q

The retinal image only provides limited information about the ___ of the object

A

Properties

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17
Q

Why can the retinal image be difficult to interpret?

A

Because objects of interest can be hidden/obscured or blurred

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18
Q

What happens if you’re not accommodating to the distance of an object?

A

Any of the other objects in the scene, closer or further, will be blurred

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19
Q

What is Viewpoint Invariance?

A

The ability to recognize a single object seen from different viewpoints

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20
Q

What is Viewpoint Invariance important for?

A

For interacting with objects that can move relative to where you are looking at them from.

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21
Q

Computers used to have tremendous difficulty with ___ , but they are getting better at it

A

viewpoint invariance

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22
Q

What can human perception effortlessly achieve that computers still struggle with?

A

Viewpoint Invariance, (recognition of objects, for e.g. faces)

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23
Q

Computers facial recognition software can recognize human faces facing ___ as well as humans can, but do much worse with human faces facing ___

A

head-on // different directions

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24
Q

What can cause ambiguity in an image?

A

Light & Shadow

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25
What is Perceptual Organization?
A process where elements in the environment are organized (put together / combined / grouped) to create our perception of objects
26
What are the two components of Perceptual Organization?
Grouping & Segregation
27
What is Grouping?
Bringing elements together, putting them together into objects
28
What is Segregation?
Separating those objects from different parts of the scene
29
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
A Structuralist
30
How did Structuralists refer to Sensations?
Elementary processes that occur from sensory stimulation
31
How did Structuralists refer to Perception?
Complex conscious experience produced, including awareness of objects
32
How did Structuralists believe perceptions were created?
By combining individual sensations
33
Who said that “The whole is the sum of its parts”?
Structuralists
34
Who said that "The whole is different than the sum of the part"?
Kohler & Wertheimer
35
What is an example of "The whole is different than the sum of the part"?
Our perception of the 3D world when we know that the images on the retina are actually 2 dimensional
36
What is Apparent Movement?
A percept that is different than the sum of its parts, because there is no movement that is present, it is just creating the perception of movement.
37
Illusory Contours and Necker Cubers demonstrate ___
That the whole is different than the sum of its parts
38
Who came up with the Laws of Perceptual Organization?
The Gestaltists
39
What is Pragnanz – Law of Good Figure / Law of Simplicity?
Every stimulus is perceived so that the structure is as simple as possible (K.I.S.S - Keep It Simple Stupid)
40
What is the Law of similarity?
Similar things appear to be grouped together
41
Law of Good Continuation?
Lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space. Straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together (Example: this is a way in which people are able to untangle their headphone cords)
42
What is Proximity of Nearness?
Things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together.
43
When a percept creates a battle between two Gestalt laws, will Proximity or Similarity win?
This usually depends on the observer
44
What 3 laws came after the original Gestalt work?
Common Region, Connectedness, and Synchrony
45
What is Common Region?
Elements within the same region appear grouped together, uniform
46
What is Connectedness?
Connected regions are perceived as a single unit
47
What is Synchrony?
Events that occur at the same time are perceived as belonging together
48
What is Law of Common Fate?
Objects moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together. Similar to synchrony, but requires motion
49
What is Perceptual Segregation/Figure-ground Segregation?
Separating objects from the rest of the scene
50
What is Figure?
A separate object, that stands out from the background
51
What is Ground?
The background on which the object sits
52
Figure is perceived as more ___, and is more ___ than the ground
“thing-like” // memorable
53
Figure is usually seen as being ___ the ground/background
in front of
54
Ground is perceived as ___, and extends ___ the figure
“unformed” // behind
55
What is Border Ownership?
The border that separates the figure from the ground is perceived as belonging to the figure
56
Are symmetrical areas seen as Figure or Ground?
Figure
57
Are convex things seen as Figure or Ground?
Figure
58
Are small things seen as Figure or Ground?
Figure
59
Do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure or Ground?
Figure
60
Do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure or Ground?
Figure
61
Why do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure?
Because in natural scenes, most of the objects that you can interact with are on the bottom half of the scene
62
Gestaltist downplayed the importance of ___
Top-Down/learned Information/experience/meaningfullness
63
There has been some inconsistency in the way Gestaltists accounted for ___ in Figure-Ground Segregation
meaningfulness
64
___ can affect figure-ground segregation even for short viewing durations
Learning/Top-Down Information/Meaning
65
What is Prolonged Viewing?
Familiar objects that we are accustomed to seeing, tend to be grouped and segregated from the ground (sometimes known as Gestalt law of familiarity), meaningfulness is important here
66
It is useful to view the Gestalt Laws as ___
Heuristics
67
What is a Heuristic?
A problem solving short-cut, or “best-guess” solution. Heuristics save time and processing power, but only work sometimes
68
What is an Algorithm?
A set of (sometimes many) steps for solving a problem that works every time. Can be very time and energy intensive

PSYO2150 - Midterm #1 - Perceptual Processes (7 decks)

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