Chapter 56- Asssiting In Microbiology And Immunology Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Which option is/are single cell prokaryote organisms?
A
Bacteria
2
Q
Which medical term is the study of fungi and the diseases they cause?
A
Mycology
3
Q
What is a thick walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism?
A
Protozoal cyst
4
Q
Helminths are ____ that live in or on other organisms.
A
Worms
5
Q
What is another name for rod-shaped bacteria?
A
Bacilli
6
Q
_____ is an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV).
A
Infectious Mononucleosis
7
Q
An ingredient used in a laboratory to treat specimens for microscopic examination is called a(n):
A
Reagent
8
Q
Which type of bacteria appears in clusters or has a grapelike shape?
A
Staphylococcus
9
Q
Which test involves placing a drop of liquid specimen and a cover slip over the specimen to observe it with a microscope?
A
Wet mount
10
Q
What are foreign bodies that invade and cause harm to an immune system?
A
Antigens
11
Q
How are fungi transmitted?
A
Direct contact with infected persons; prolonged exposure to a moist environment; inhalation of contaminated dust or soil.
12
Q
What chemical is used to dissolve non-fungal elements on a microscopic slide of skin scrapings?
A
Potassium hydroxide
13
Q
What influences the staining characteristics of bacteria, as well as the environments in which they thrive?
A
Cell wall composition
14
Q
What is sputum?
A
Thick mucus often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth.
15
Q
What is an arthopod?
A
Any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids .
16
Q
What is a vector?
A
An arthropod that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.
17
Q
What is a transport media?
A
Media used to keep an organism alive during transport to the lab.
18
Q
What is a nasal wash?
A
Also, called a nasal aspirate. A syringe is used to gently squirt a small amount of sterile saline into the nose, and the resulting fluid is collected into a cup, or after the saline is squirted into the nose, gentle suction is applied to obtain the aspirate.
19
Q
Which type of flu causing virus usually results in milder infection? (Type A or Type B)
A
Type B
20
Q
Why are CLIA- waived tests for RSV intended for children under 5?
A
RSV can cause severe infection, leading to bronchitis and pneumonia in very young children.
21
Q
What is a titer?
A
The lowest concentration of a serum solution containing a specific antibody where the antibody is still able to neutralize (or precipitate an antigen)
22
Q
What is a complication of infectious mononucleosis involving the internal organs?
A
A swollen spleen or liver, referred to as hepatosplenomegaly
23
Q
What is a heterophile antibody?
A
An antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.
24
Q
How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?
A
Via the saliva of an infected tick when it bites.
25
What does AFB mean in acid fast staining terminology?
Acid fast bacillus
26
What is pure culture?
The growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on a nutrient surface.
27
Streaked for isolation?
To have produced isolated colonies of an organism on an agar plate. Using an inoculating loop, pick one colony and methodically spread it onto solid nutrient media. The goal is to have colonies that are separate from other colonies.
28
What is 5% sheep’s blood agar plate?
A solid agar medium that contains nutrients and 5% washed sheep’s blood. The blood is added as an extra nutrient source for the bacteria.
29
CFU?
Colony forming units
30
What does each colony that grows on a plate represent?
1000 cfu per millimeter of urine
31
What is true regarding aerobic bacteria?
Bacteria that require oxygen to live are called aerobes.
32
Bacteria that require nitrogen to live are called:
Nitrogen- fixing bacteria
33
Cocci:
spherical bacteria/round
34
Bacilli:
Rod shaped bacteria
35
Diplo-
Bacteria found in pairs
36
Sarcinae:
Cocci in arrangements of eighteen or sixteen
37
What disease is caused by a tick bite?
Lyme disease
38
Gonorrhea is transmitted by?
Sexually
39
Cryptococcosis is transmitted by?
By contact with poultry droppings
40
What hospital acquired (HAI) is caused by cocci?
MRSA infection
41
Strep throat is caused by:
Direct contact with droplets and is a caused by cocci
42
Pyloric ulcers is caused by:
Spirilla from possible food and water
43
Meningococcal is caused by:
a diplococci
44
What characteristic identifies unusual pathogenic bacteria?
Size
45
Which disease may have no symptoms?
Nongonococcal vaginitis
46
Which unusual pathogenic bacterium was previously considered a virus?
Chlamydia Trachomatis
47
Which organism causes fungal infections?
Candida (can be presented orally during birth)
48
Lice: Also called Pediculus Humanus
Transmitted through direct contact, clothing and bedding.
49
Malaria: (Plasmodium species)
50
America dysentery: (Entamoeba histolytica)
51
Pin worm: (Enterobius vermicularis)
52
What is parasitology?
The study of of all parasitic organisms that live on or in the human body.
53
Where are most parasites identified?
Urine
Sputum
Tissue Fluid
54
Which disease causes AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
55
What is the best way to prevent common cold?
Practice good hygiene
56
What virus causes warts?
Molluscipox virus
Human papilloma virus
57
Myxovirus is responsible for which virus?
Influenza
58
Variola is responsible for which virus?
Smallpox
59
How do viruses multiply?
Utilize the host cell’s organelles to multiply.
60
Lesson #1-
What are the types of cell wall structures identified by staining?
Acid fast cells
Gram positive cells
Gram negative cells
61
What term is used for the bacteria that can survive without oxygen?
Anaerobe
62
Which medical terminology prefix describes bacteria that are found in grape like clusters?
Staphylo
63
What diseases are causes by bacilli?
Tetanus
Botulism
Whooping cough
64
Which disease caused by spirilla is sexually transmitted?
Syphillis
65
Which diseases are caused by cocci?
Pneumonia
MRSA infection
Meningococcal meningitis
66
Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
Rickettsia rickettsii
67
Lyme disease:
Borrelia burgdorferi
68
Typhus:
Rickettsia prowazekii
69
Inclusion conjunctivitis:
Chlamydia Trachomatis
70
What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rash
Chills
Headache
71
Which bacteria cause atypical or walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
72
What are some characteristics of fungi?
Contain a nucleus
Present in soil, air and water
Resistant to bacterial antibodies
73
Which routes may enable transmission of protozoa?
Feces
Foods
Water
74
Which diseases caused by protozoon?
Malaria
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis
75
How are parasites transmitted?
Inoculation by arthropod
Ingestion during infective stage
Direct penetration of the skin by infected larvae
76
Which diseases are caused by parasites?
Lice
Scabies
Trichinosis
77
Which disease is transmitted by fecal contamination of food and water?
Amberic dysentery
78
Which infection causes severe rectal itching, restlessness, and insomnia?
Pinworm
79
Which characteristic is associated with viruses rather than microorganisms?
They are not living by definition
80
Which diseases caused by viruses affect the skin?
Warts
Smallpox
81
Vesicles on the entire body:
Smallpox
82
Flu like symptoms:
AIDS
83
Outgrowths on skin, especially genitals:
Warts (verruca)
84
Small pink hair white domes in clusters on the skin;
Molluscum contagiousum warts
85
Which disease are caused by spirilla?
Lyme disease
Pyloric ulcers
86
What fungal infection may occur after antibiotic treatment?
Thrush
87
Antimicrobial-
a general term used to describe drugs, chemicals, or other substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Can be antibiotics or antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs or agent.
88
Asexually-
Describes reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male and female sex cells, such as in plant reproduction, fission, or budding.
89
Binary Fission:
Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms during which one cell divides into two daughter cells.
90
Binomial-
A name consisting of a generic and a specific term
91
Clostridium difficile-
a bacterium that can cause symptoms that range from diarrhea to severe inflammation of the colon (can be fatal) this condition is most seen after antibiotic use.
92
MRSA-
a gram-positive pathogen that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.)
93
Nomenclature:
a system of names or terms, used in science and art to categorize items
94
Norma flora-
Microorganisms) mostly bacteria and yeast) that live on or in the body. Normal microscopic residents of the body
95
Parasitic-
pertaining to a parasite (an organism that lives on or in another organism, known as the host. Benefits from the host, the host does not benefit from the parasite.
96
Prokaryote-
Any organism that is made up of at least one cell and has genetic material that is not enclosed in a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes, primitive organisms.
97
Protozoa-
single-celled organisms that are the most primitive form of animal life. Most are microscopic. Examples are amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.
98
Viral-
Relating to or caused by a virus
99
Molecule-
the simplest unit of chemical compound that can exist, consisting of two or more atoms held together with chemical bonds
100
Stain-
reagents or dyes used to treat specimens for microscopic examination.
101
Endospore-
an inactive form of certain bacteria that can withstand poor environmental conditions. When conditions improve, the bacteria become functional again.
102
Flagella-
a long, whip-like outgrowth from a cell that helps the cell move.
103
Eukaryote-
any single-celled or multicellular organism that has genetic material contained in a distinct membrane-bound nucleus
104
Mold-
a growth of tiny fungi forming on a substance. Often looks downy or furry and is associated with dampness or decay.
105
Arthropod-
any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others
106
Sputum-
Thick mucus is often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth
107
Vector-
Arthropod (mosquito, ticks, fleas) that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.
108
Larvae-
immature free-living forms of many animals; develop into the adult form.
109
Helminths-
a parasitic worm.
110
Protozoal cyst-
a thick-walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism.
111
Wet mount-
a glass slide that holds a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid for microscopic examination.
112
Extraction-
a process by which a specific substance is substance is separated from a group or solution.
113
Heterophile antibody-
an antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.
114
Serologic-
pertaining to the science involving the immune properties and actions of serum
115
Opportunistic infections-
microorganism
116
Pure culture-
the growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on nutrient surface.
117
Guaiac fecal occult blood test-
a test for occult blood where glacial and guaiac are mixed in the specimen
118
When is the best time to collect a specimen from a pt for microbiology testing?
In the acute of an illness
Before antibiotics are prescribed
119
While collecting specimens for microbiology testing, how are environmental and pt contamination avoided?
Providing proper pt instruction
120
Which safety measures should be taken to prevent contamination when a courier transports a specimen?
Mark with warning labels
Package in a leak proof container
121
When is the best time for blood culture specimens to be collected?
While the pt is having a febrile episode
122
What is the proper way to collect a specimen from the eye?
Pull the lower eyelid down while gently collecting exudate along the rim.
123
CLIA:
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
124
Which are CLIA-waived microbiology tests?
Rapid strep test
Influenza A and B rapid test
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test
125
What is the first step while performing CLIA-waived microbiology tests?
Review the package insert provided by the manufacturer.
126
Which are CLIA-waived immunology tests?
Lyme disease antibody test
Infectious mononucleosis test
Helicobacter pylori antibody test
127
What is the first step when performing a rapid infectious mononucleosis test?
Allow the test kit to come to room temperature and check the expiration date.
128
What information needs to be included on the label of a transport device?
LESSON 2
Pt name
Time of collection
Source the specimen
129
Why is it important to check the storage and transport instructions for specimens?
Some organisms die if exposed to refrigerator temperatures.
130
Why is it important to collect microbiology specimens in the proper transport device?
The device must be able to prevent the organism from multiplying.
The device must be able to provide the conditions that permit the organism’s survival.
131
What areas of the throat should be swabbed when collecting a throat specimen?
Tonsils, Pharynx
132
What type of culture should be transported immediately on ice to the laboratory?
Chlamydia
133
Collect from a deep cough; do not collect saliva.
Sputum
134
Prefer needle aspiration to swab collections.
Body fluids
135
Insert swab approximately 1-inch past anal sphincter.
Rectal swab
136
Wait for 7–10 days if a patient has been taking Pepto-Bismol.
Ova and parasites
137
What patient preparation is indicated prior to the collection of a sputum specimen?
The patient should rinse or gargle with mouthwash before collection.
138
Why does a negative rapid strep test result need to be confirmed by a throat culture?
The S. pyogenes organism may not have been present in sufficient numbers to detect by a rapid test.
139
What treatment decision is influenced by the result of a rapid influenza test?
Antiviral medication
140
Why is rapid RSV testing beneficial?
To ensure a shorter hospital stay
To reduce the need for antibiotic therapy to treat secondary bacterial infection
To begin treatment in order to prevent the infection from progressing to the lower respiratory trac
141
Which CLIA-waived microbiology tests require a nasopharyngeal swab for the collection of the specimen?
Influenza A and B test
Respiratory syncytial virus test
142
What type of specimen is used to detect the presence of antibodies in “indirect” immunologic tests?
Blood or serum
143
Which is a proper quality control result for the QuickVue+ infectious mononucleosis test?
Line present in the ‘Test Complete’ window; line present in the ‘Read Result’ window for positive control
144
What device is used to collect a specimen for a rapid strep screening test?
Rayon swab provided in the kit
145
How much time should pass before reading the results of the rapid strep test and rapid mono test?
5 minutes
146
Pathogenic Helminths:
Helminths are parasites called worms
- Live on or in another living organism.
147
Pathogenic Parasites:
Parasitology includes the study of all parastic organisms that live on or in the human body.
- Parasites are frequently identified in feces, blood, urine, sputum, tissue fluid or tissue biopsy.
148
Pathogenic Viruses:
- Many scientists do not consider viruses to be microorganisms because they are NOT alive.
- Viruses are not able to metabolize/ reproduce unless the are inside of a host cell,
- Viruses are also considered obligate intracellular pathogen.
149
Guidelines for Specimen Collection:
-Specimens must be collected carefully so that contaminating microorganisms are not introduced into the specimen.
-Use sterile collection technique
- Pt's must receive clear instructions if collecting a specimen on their own.
150
Handling & Transporting:
-Transport of specimens to a lab is crucial.
- There are different types of transport devices: Plastic tube w/ sterile darcon swab, sealed vial of transportation.
- Must pay close attention to proper use!
- Must pathogenic organisms prefer body temperature, approximately 37 C. Will remain viable for up tp 72 hours if held @ room temp.
151
Stool Specimen Collection:
A wet mount is used on a side to observe moving organisms.
152
Pinworm Collection:
AKA "Enterobius vermicularis
- Eggs hatch in the small intestine, & females migrate out of the anus, usually @ night to deposit the eggs.
153
Nasal & Nasopharyngeal Specimen Collection:
- obtained for several respiratory tests. EX: Covid
- Three types of collection:
Anterior Nasal Specimen
Mid Turbinate Specimen
Nasopharyngeal Specimen
154
Sputum Specimen Collection:
Sputum cultures may be ordered when pts have symptoms that may be related to infectious respiratory disease.
155
Which characteristic does streptococcus pyogenes exhibit when cultured on a 5% sheep’s blood agar?
Beta hemolysis
156
Which disease is transmitted through the bite of an anopheles mosquito?
Malaria
157
Which microorganisms normally live on the skin and usually do not cause disease?
Normal flora
158
Normal flora-
Microorganisms that normally live on the skin and usually don’t cause diseases.
159
Aerobic-
microorganisms that usually grow best in an environment with oxygen
160
Colonies:
A group of animals of the same type living together or a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell
161
Anaerobic-
microorganisms that grow best in an environment without oxygen
162
What type of organism is yeast?
Fungi
163
Viruses-
smallest known infectious agent
164
Bacteria:
microscopic living organisms, usually once celled, that can be found everywhere.
165
Parasite:
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense
166
Which bacteria cause Lyme disease and can be detected by a serum analysis?
Spirochete
167
Which statement accurately describes diseases caused by microorganisms?
Botulism is caused by a bacillus that is transmitted by improperly cooked canned foods.
168
Which phrase describes the way streptococcus bacteria look when viewed by 100x oil magnification?
Spherical in chain formation
169
A pt diagnosed with Rickettsia infection wants to know more about rickettsiae. Which info is accurate and will be relayed to the pt?
Are transmitted by insects
170
Which infections diseases are transmitted by blood-sucking insects?
Malaria & Rickettsia
171
Which organism lives in the intestinal tract and is a common cause of urinary tract infections as a result of the spread of bacteria from the rectum to the urethra?
Escherichia coli
172
CLIA waved rapid immunochromatographic assay for RSV is intended for pt’s under?
5
173
How many colony-forming units per ml represent each bacterial colony that grows on the culture plate streaked with a urine sample?
1000 cfu
174
Before a fungal sample is viewed under the microscope, it would be treated with which chemical?
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
( makes the fungal elements easier to observe)
175
Which microorganism infection can be prevented by avoiding tick-infested areas?
Borrelia Burgdorferi
176
Which collection method is used to collect Enterobius vermicularis in the home setting?
Cellulose Tape
177
Which infection causes pinworm disease?
Enterobius Vermicularis
178
Which type of bacteria causes Lyme disease, syphilis, and pyloric ulcers?
Spirochetes
179
Which microorganism may be treated with antibiotics?
Bacteria
180
Which is the purpose for using positive and negative controls while performing a mononucleosis test?
To ensure proper functioning of reagents
181
Which bacteria are shaped like a spiral?
Spirochete
182
Which pathogen causes “walking pneumonia”?
Mycoplasma
183
Why does a MA use a tongue depressor when collecting a throat specimen?
To achieve better control of the swabbing process.
184
Which type of bacteria is a spirilla and is also referred to as a spirochete?
Treponema Pallidum
185
Which bacteria shape is responsible for causing syphilis infection?
Spirilla
186
Which immunology test is out of scope for a MA?
Blood typing and cross matching for transfusion
187
Which statements about bacteria are true?
- Some bacteria have flagella that help them move.
- Gram- positive cells stain blue/violet when stained with Gram stain.
188
To perform a urine culture, a MA takes the urine in the inoculation loop, spreads it on the medium, and incubates at
37 Degrees C (98.6 F) for 18-24 hours; pathogens survive and grow best at normal human body temp.
189
In which location are the normal flora present and responsible for a role in synthesizing vitamin k, which is necessary for blood clotting?
Intestinal tract
190
Which specimens are used to identify the presence of HIV antibodies?
Blood, Saliva
191
Which test may be used to confirm the diagnosis of infectious mono in a pt?
Quickvue+
192
Which bacterial pathogen is unusual in structure and does not have PG in the bacterial cell wall?
Mycoplasma
193
Which are complications of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Scarlet fever, Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis
194
Which functions are performed by beneficial microorganisms that are also known as normal flora?
Digesting food
Making nutrients available to the body
Vitamin K being used in the clotting
195
What color gram positive cells stain?
Blue/violet when stained with Gram stain and gram negative cells stain pinkish red.
196
Spiral shaped bacteria:
Spirilla
197
Strepto-
is used when bacteria are found in a chain formation
198
Staphylo-
Is used when bacteria are found in grape like clusters.
199
Rickettsiae:
transmitted by blood sucking insects. They are tiny gram negative bacteria that stain pink with Gram stain.
200
Syphilis is caused by:
Treponema pallidum and can be prevented by using barrier protection during intercourse
201
Campylobacter jejuni:
causes food poisoning and sanitary food, water, and milk preparation is the best safeguard for prevention.
202
Pseudomonas aerguinosa:
Which causes uti by ascending the urethra
