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MAP 140- Laboratory And Surgical Procedures > Chapter 56- Asssiting In Microbiology And Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 56- Asssiting In Microbiology And Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which option is/are single cell prokaryote organisms?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Which medical term is the study of fungi and the diseases they cause?

A

Mycology

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3
Q

What is a thick walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism?

A

Protozoal cyst

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4
Q

Helminths are ____ that live in or on other organisms.

A

Worms

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5
Q

What is another name for rod-shaped bacteria?

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

_____ is an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV).

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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7
Q

An ingredient used in a laboratory to treat specimens for microscopic examination is called a(n):

A

Reagent

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8
Q

Which type of bacteria appears in clusters or has a grapelike shape?

A

Staphylococcus

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9
Q

Which test involves placing a drop of liquid specimen and a cover slip over the specimen to observe it with a microscope?

A

Wet mount

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10
Q

What are foreign bodies that invade and cause harm to an immune system?

A

Antigens

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11
Q

How are fungi transmitted?

A

Direct contact with infected persons; prolonged exposure to a moist environment; inhalation of contaminated dust or soil.

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12
Q

What chemical is used to dissolve non-fungal elements on a microscopic slide of skin scrapings?

A

Potassium hydroxide

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13
Q

What influences the staining characteristics of bacteria, as well as the environments in which they thrive?

A

Cell wall composition

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14
Q

What is sputum?

A

Thick mucus often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth.

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15
Q

What is an arthopod?

A

Any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids .

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16
Q

What is a vector?

A

An arthropod that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.

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17
Q

What is a transport media?

A

Media used to keep an organism alive during transport to the lab.

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18
Q

What is a nasal wash?

A

Also, called a nasal aspirate. A syringe is used to gently squirt a small amount of sterile saline into the nose, and the resulting fluid is collected into a cup, or after the saline is squirted into the nose, gentle suction is applied to obtain the aspirate.

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19
Q

Which type of flu causing virus usually results in milder infection? (Type A or Type B)

A

Type B

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20
Q

Why are CLIA- waived tests for RSV intended for children under 5?

A

RSV can cause severe infection, leading to bronchitis and pneumonia in very young children.

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21
Q

What is a titer?

A

The lowest concentration of a serum solution containing a specific antibody where the antibody is still able to neutralize (or precipitate an antigen)

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22
Q

What is a complication of infectious mononucleosis involving the internal organs?

A

A swollen spleen or liver, referred to as hepatosplenomegaly

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23
Q

What is a heterophile antibody?

A

An antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.

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24
Q

How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?

A

Via the saliva of an infected tick when it bites.

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25
Q

What does AFB mean in acid fast staining terminology?

A

Acid fast bacillus

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26
Q

What is pure culture?

A

The growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on a nutrient surface.

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27
Q

Streaked for isolation?

A

To have produced isolated colonies of an organism on an agar plate. Using an inoculating loop, pick one colony and methodically spread it onto solid nutrient media. The goal is to have colonies that are separate from other colonies.

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28
Q

What is 5% sheep’s blood agar plate?

A

A solid agar medium that contains nutrients and 5% washed sheep’s blood. The blood is added as an extra nutrient source for the bacteria.

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29
Q

CFU?

A

Colony forming units

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30
Q

What does each colony that grows on a plate represent?

A

1000 cfu per millimeter of urine

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31
Q

What is true regarding aerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen to live are called aerobes.

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32
Q

Bacteria that require nitrogen to live are called:

A

Nitrogen- fixing bacteria

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33
Q

Cocci:

A

spherical bacteria/round

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34
Q

Bacilli:

A

Rod shaped bacteria

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35
Q

Diplo-

A

Bacteria found in pairs

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36
Q

Sarcinae:

A

Cocci in arrangements of eighteen or sixteen

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37
Q

What disease is caused by a tick bite?

A

Lyme disease

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38
Q

Gonorrhea is transmitted by?

A

Sexually

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39
Q

Cryptococcosis is transmitted by?

A

By contact with poultry droppings

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40
Q

What hospital acquired (HAI) is caused by cocci?

A

MRSA infection

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41
Q

Strep throat is caused by:

A

Direct contact with droplets and is a caused by cocci

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42
Q

Pyloric ulcers is caused by:

A

Spirilla from possible food and water

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43
Q

Meningococcal is caused by:

A

a diplococci

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44
Q

What characteristic identifies unusual pathogenic bacteria?

A

Size

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45
Q

Which disease may have no symptoms?

A

Nongonococcal vaginitis

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46
Q

Which unusual pathogenic bacterium was previously considered a virus?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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47
Q

Which organism causes fungal infections?

A

Candida (can be presented orally during birth)

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48
Q

Lice: Also called Pediculus Humanus

A

Transmitted through direct contact, clothing and bedding.

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49
Q

Malaria: (Plasmodium species)

A
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50
Q

America dysentery: (Entamoeba histolytica)

A
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51
Q

Pin worm: (Enterobius vermicularis)

A
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52
Q

What is parasitology?

A

The study of of all parasitic organisms that live on or in the human body.

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53
Q

Where are most parasites identified?

A

Urine
Sputum
Tissue Fluid

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54
Q

Which disease causes AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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55
Q

What is the best way to prevent common cold?

A

Practice good hygiene

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56
Q

What virus causes warts?

A

Molluscipox virus
Human papilloma virus

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57
Q

Myxovirus is responsible for which virus?

A

Influenza

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58
Q

Variola is responsible for which virus?

A

Smallpox

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59
Q

How do viruses multiply?

A

Utilize the host cell’s organelles to multiply.

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60
Q

Lesson #1-

What are the types of cell wall structures identified by staining?

A

Acid fast cells
Gram positive cells
Gram negative cells

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61
Q

What term is used for the bacteria that can survive without oxygen?

A

Anaerobe

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62
Q

Which medical terminology prefix describes bacteria that are found in grape like clusters?

A

Staphylo

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63
Q

What diseases are causes by bacilli?

A

Tetanus
Botulism
Whooping cough

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64
Q

Which disease caused by spirilla is sexually transmitted?

A

Syphillis

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65
Q

Which diseases are caused by cocci?

A

Pneumonia
MRSA infection
Meningococcal meningitis

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66
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever:

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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67
Q

Lyme disease:

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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68
Q

Typhus:

A

Rickettsia prowazekii

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69
Q

Inclusion conjunctivitis:

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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70
Q

What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

Rash
Chills
Headache

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71
Q

Which bacteria cause atypical or walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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72
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi?

A

Contain a nucleus
Present in soil, air and water
Resistant to bacterial antibodies

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73
Q

Which routes may enable transmission of protozoa?

A

Feces
Foods
Water

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74
Q

Which diseases caused by protozoon?

A

Malaria
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis

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75
Q

How are parasites transmitted?

A

Inoculation by arthropod
Ingestion during infective stage
Direct penetration of the skin by infected larvae

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76
Q

Which diseases are caused by parasites?

A

Lice
Scabies
Trichinosis

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77
Q

Which disease is transmitted by fecal contamination of food and water?

A

Amberic dysentery

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78
Q

Which infection causes severe rectal itching, restlessness, and insomnia?

A

Pinworm

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79
Q

Which characteristic is associated with viruses rather than microorganisms?

A

They are not living by definition

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80
Q

Which diseases caused by viruses affect the skin?

A

Warts
Smallpox

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81
Q

Vesicles on the entire body:

A

Smallpox

82
Q

Flu like symptoms:

A

AIDS

83
Q

Outgrowths on skin, especially genitals:

A

Warts (verruca)

84
Q

Small pink hair white domes in clusters on the skin;

A

Molluscum contagiousum warts

85
Q

Which disease are caused by spirilla?

A

Lyme disease
Pyloric ulcers

86
Q

What fungal infection may occur after antibiotic treatment?

A

Thrush

87
Q

Antimicrobial-

A

a general term used to describe drugs, chemicals, or other substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Can be antibiotics or antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs or agent.

88
Q

Asexually-

A

Describes reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male and female sex cells, such as in plant reproduction, fission, or budding.

89
Q

Binary Fission:

A

Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms during which one cell divides into two daughter cells.

90
Q

Binomial-

A

A name consisting of a generic and a specific term

91
Q

Clostridium difficile-

A

a bacterium that can cause symptoms that range from diarrhea to severe inflammation of the colon (can be fatal) this condition is most seen after antibiotic use.

92
Q

MRSA-

A

a gram-positive pathogen that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.)

93
Q

Nomenclature:

A

a system of names or terms, used in science and art to categorize items

94
Q

Norma flora-

A

Microorganisms) mostly bacteria and yeast) that live on or in the body. Normal microscopic residents of the body

95
Q

Parasitic-

A

pertaining to a parasite (an organism that lives on or in another organism, known as the host. Benefits from the host, the host does not benefit from the parasite.

96
Q

Prokaryote-

A

Any organism that is made up of at least one cell and has genetic material that is not enclosed in a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes, primitive organisms.

97
Q

Protozoa-

A

single-celled organisms that are the most primitive form of animal life. Most are microscopic. Examples are amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.

98
Q

Viral-

A

Relating to or caused by a virus

99
Q

Molecule-

A

the simplest unit of chemical compound that can exist, consisting of two or more atoms held together with chemical bonds

100
Q

Stain-

A

reagents or dyes used to treat specimens for microscopic examination.

101
Q

Endospore-

A

an inactive form of certain bacteria that can withstand poor environmental conditions. When conditions improve, the bacteria become functional again.

102
Q

Flagella-

A

a long, whip-like outgrowth from a cell that helps the cell move.

103
Q

Eukaryote-

A

any single-celled or multicellular organism that has genetic material contained in a distinct membrane-bound nucleus

104
Q

Mold-

A

a growth of tiny fungi forming on a substance. Often looks downy or furry and is associated with dampness or decay.

105
Q

Arthropod-

A

any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others

106
Q

Sputum-

A

Thick mucus is often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth

107
Q

Vector-

A

Arthropod (mosquito, ticks, fleas) that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.

108
Q

Larvae-

A

immature free-living forms of many animals; develop into the adult form.

109
Q

Helminths-

A

a parasitic worm.

110
Q

Protozoal cyst-

A

a thick-walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism.

111
Q

Wet mount-

A

a glass slide that holds a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid for microscopic examination.

112
Q

Extraction-

A

a process by which a specific substance is substance is separated from a group or solution.

113
Q

Heterophile antibody-

A

an antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.

114
Q

Serologic-

A

pertaining to the science involving the immune properties and actions of serum

115
Q

Opportunistic infections-

A

microorganism

116
Q

Pure culture-

A

the growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on nutrient surface.

117
Q

Guaiac fecal occult blood test-

A

a test for occult blood where glacial and guaiac are mixed in the specimen

118
Q

When is the best time to collect a specimen from a pt for microbiology testing?

A

In the acute of an illness
Before antibiotics are prescribed

119
Q

While collecting specimens for microbiology testing, how are environmental and pt contamination avoided?

A

Providing proper pt instruction

120
Q

Which safety measures should be taken to prevent contamination when a courier transports a specimen?

A

Mark with warning labels
Package in a leak proof container

121
Q

When is the best time for blood culture specimens to be collected?

A

While the pt is having a febrile episode

122
Q

What is the proper way to collect a specimen from the eye?

A

Pull the lower eyelid down while gently collecting exudate along the rim.

123
Q

CLIA:

A

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

124
Q

Which are CLIA-waived microbiology tests?

A

Rapid strep test
Influenza A and B rapid test
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test

125
Q

What is the first step while performing CLIA-waived microbiology tests?

A

Review the package insert provided by the manufacturer.

126
Q

Which are CLIA-waived immunology tests?

A

Lyme disease antibody test
Infectious mononucleosis test
Helicobacter pylori antibody test

127
Q

What is the first step when performing a rapid infectious mononucleosis test?

A

Allow the test kit to come to room temperature and check the expiration date.

128
Q

What information needs to be included on the label of a transport device?
LESSON 2

A

Pt name
Time of collection
Source the specimen

129
Q

Why is it important to check the storage and transport instructions for specimens?

A

Some organisms die if exposed to refrigerator temperatures.

130
Q

Why is it important to collect microbiology specimens in the proper transport device?

A

The device must be able to prevent the organism from multiplying.
The device must be able to provide the conditions that permit the organism’s survival.

131
Q

What areas of the throat should be swabbed when collecting a throat specimen?

A

Tonsils, Pharynx

132
Q

What type of culture should be transported immediately on ice to the laboratory?

A

Chlamydia

133
Q

Collect from a deep cough; do not collect saliva.

A

Sputum

134
Q

Prefer needle aspiration to swab collections.

A

Body fluids

135
Q

Insert swab approximately 1-inch past anal sphincter.

A

Rectal swab

136
Q

Wait for 7–10 days if a patient has been taking Pepto-Bismol.

A

Ova and parasites

137
Q

What patient preparation is indicated prior to the collection of a sputum specimen?

A

The patient should rinse or gargle with mouthwash before collection.

138
Q

Why does a negative rapid strep test result need to be confirmed by a throat culture?

A

The S. pyogenes organism may not have been present in sufficient numbers to detect by a rapid test.

139
Q

What treatment decision is influenced by the result of a rapid influenza test?

A

Antiviral medication

140
Q

Why is rapid RSV testing beneficial?

A

To ensure a shorter hospital stay
To reduce the need for antibiotic therapy to treat secondary bacterial infection
To begin treatment in order to prevent the infection from progressing to the lower respiratory trac

141
Q

Which CLIA-waived microbiology tests require a nasopharyngeal swab for the collection of the specimen?

A

Influenza A and B test
Respiratory syncytial virus test

142
Q

What type of specimen is used to detect the presence of antibodies in “indirect” immunologic tests?

A

Blood or serum

143
Q

Which is a proper quality control result for the QuickVue+ infectious mononucleosis test?

A

Line present in the ‘Test Complete’ window; line present in the ‘Read Result’ window for positive control

144
Q

What device is used to collect a specimen for a rapid strep screening test?

A

Rayon swab provided in the kit

145
Q

How much time should pass before reading the results of the rapid strep test and rapid mono test?

A

5 minutes

146
Q

Pathogenic Helminths:

A

Helminths are parasites called worms
- Live on or in another living organism.

147
Q

Pathogenic Parasites:

A

Parasitology includes the study of all parastic organisms that live on or in the human body.
- Parasites are frequently identified in feces, blood, urine, sputum, tissue fluid or tissue biopsy.

148
Q

Pathogenic Viruses:

A
  • Many scientists do not consider viruses to be microorganisms because they are NOT alive.
  • Viruses are not able to metabolize/ reproduce unless the are inside of a host cell,
  • Viruses are also considered obligate intracellular pathogen.
149
Q

Guidelines for Specimen Collection:

A

-Specimens must be collected carefully so that contaminating microorganisms are not introduced into the specimen.
-Use sterile collection technique
- Pt’s must receive clear instructions if collecting a specimen on their own.

150
Q

Handling & Transporting:

A

-Transport of specimens to a lab is crucial.
- There are different types of transport devices: Plastic tube w/ sterile darcon swab, sealed vial of transportation.
- Must pay close attention to proper use!
- Must pathogenic organisms prefer body temperature, approximately 37 C. Will remain viable for up tp 72 hours if held @ room temp.

151
Q

Stool Specimen Collection:

A

A wet mount is used on a side to observe moving organisms.

152
Q

Pinworm Collection:

A

AKA “Enterobius vermicularis
- Eggs hatch in the small intestine, & females migrate out of the anus, usually @ night to deposit the eggs.

153
Q

Nasal & Nasopharyngeal Specimen Collection:

A
  • obtained for several respiratory tests. EX: Covid
  • Three types of collection:
    Anterior Nasal Specimen
    Mid Turbinate Specimen
    Nasopharyngeal Specimen
154
Q

Sputum Specimen Collection:

A

Sputum cultures may be ordered when pts have symptoms that may be related to infectious respiratory disease.

155
Q

Which characteristic does streptococcus pyogenes exhibit when cultured on a 5% sheep’s blood agar?

A

Beta hemolysis

156
Q

Which disease is transmitted through the bite of an anopheles mosquito?

A

Malaria

157
Q

Which microorganisms normally live on the skin and usually do not cause disease?

A

Normal flora

158
Q

Normal flora-

A

Microorganisms that normally live on the skin and usually don’t cause diseases.

159
Q

Aerobic-

A

microorganisms that usually grow best in an environment with oxygen

160
Q

Colonies:

A

A group of animals of the same type living together or a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell

161
Q

Anaerobic-

A

microorganisms that grow best in an environment without oxygen

162
Q

What type of organism is yeast?

A

Fungi

163
Q

Viruses-

A

smallest known infectious agent

164
Q

Bacteria:

A

microscopic living organisms, usually once celled, that can be found everywhere.

165
Q

Parasite:

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense

166
Q

Which bacteria cause Lyme disease and can be detected by a serum analysis?

A

Spirochete

167
Q

Which statement accurately describes diseases caused by microorganisms?

A

Botulism is caused by a bacillus that is transmitted by improperly cooked canned foods.

168
Q

Which phrase describes the way streptococcus bacteria look when viewed by 100x oil magnification?

A

Spherical in chain formation

169
Q

A pt diagnosed with Rickettsia infection wants to know more about rickettsiae. Which info is accurate and will be relayed to the pt?

A

Are transmitted by insects

170
Q

Which infections diseases are transmitted by blood-sucking insects?

A

Malaria & Rickettsia

171
Q

Which organism lives in the intestinal tract and is a common cause of urinary tract infections as a result of the spread of bacteria from the rectum to the urethra?

A

Escherichia coli

172
Q

CLIA waved rapid immunochromatographic assay for RSV is intended for pt’s under?

A

5

173
Q

How many colony-forming units per ml represent each bacterial colony that grows on the culture plate streaked with a urine sample?

A

1000 cfu

174
Q

Before a fungal sample is viewed under the microscope, it would be treated with which chemical?

A

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
( makes the fungal elements easier to observe)

175
Q

Which microorganism infection can be prevented by avoiding tick-infested areas?

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi

176
Q

Which collection method is used to collect Enterobius vermicularis in the home setting?

A

Cellulose Tape

177
Q

Which infection causes pinworm disease?

A

Enterobius Vermicularis

178
Q

Which type of bacteria causes Lyme disease, syphilis, and pyloric ulcers?

A

Spirochetes

179
Q

Which microorganism may be treated with antibiotics?

A

Bacteria

180
Q

Which is the purpose for using positive and negative controls while performing a mononucleosis test?

A

To ensure proper functioning of reagents

181
Q

Which bacteria are shaped like a spiral?

A

Spirochete

182
Q

Which pathogen causes “walking pneumonia”?

A

Mycoplasma

183
Q

Why does a MA use a tongue depressor when collecting a throat specimen?

A

To achieve better control of the swabbing process.

184
Q

Which type of bacteria is a spirilla and is also referred to as a spirochete?

A

Treponema Pallidum

185
Q

Which bacteria shape is responsible for causing syphilis infection?

A

Spirilla

186
Q

Which immunology test is out of scope for a MA?

A

Blood typing and cross matching for transfusion

187
Q

Which statements about bacteria are true?

A
  • Some bacteria have flagella that help them move.
  • Gram- positive cells stain blue/violet when stained with Gram stain.
188
Q

To perform a urine culture, a MA takes the urine in the inoculation loop, spreads it on the medium, and incubates at

A

37 Degrees C (98.6 F) for 18-24 hours; pathogens survive and grow best at normal human body temp.

189
Q

In which location are the normal flora present and responsible for a role in synthesizing vitamin k, which is necessary for blood clotting?

A

Intestinal tract

190
Q

Which specimens are used to identify the presence of HIV antibodies?

A

Blood, Saliva

191
Q

Which test may be used to confirm the diagnosis of infectious mono in a pt?

A

Quickvue+

192
Q

Which bacterial pathogen is unusual in structure and does not have PG in the bacterial cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

193
Q

Which are complications of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Scarlet fever, Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis

194
Q

Which functions are performed by beneficial microorganisms that are also known as normal flora?

A

Digesting food
Making nutrients available to the body
Vitamin K being used in the clotting

195
Q

What color gram positive cells stain?

A

Blue/violet when stained with Gram stain and gram negative cells stain pinkish red.

196
Q

Spiral shaped bacteria:

A

Spirilla

197
Q

Strepto-

A

is used when bacteria are found in a chain formation

198
Q

Staphylo-

A

Is used when bacteria are found in grape like clusters.

199
Q

Rickettsiae:

A

transmitted by blood sucking insects. They are tiny gram negative bacteria that stain pink with Gram stain.

200
Q

Syphilis is caused by:

A

Treponema pallidum and can be prevented by using barrier protection during intercourse

201
Q

Campylobacter jejuni:

A

causes food poisoning and sanitary food, water, and milk preparation is the best safeguard for prevention.

202
Q

Pseudomonas aerguinosa:

A

Which causes uti by ascending the urethra

MAP 140- Laboratory And Surgical Procedures (16 decks)

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