Chapter 59 Fetal Face/neck

Question 1

Many facial & neck anomalies are caused by _____

Answer 1

Maternal drug use

Question 2

Features of the fetal face can be identified at the ____

Answer 2

End of 1st trimester

Question 3

View best to image cleft lip and palate:

Answer 3

Modified coronal

Question 4

Maxilla & orbits are best imaged in the _____ plane

Answer 4

True coronal

Question 5

The lens of the eye is seen as a ___

Answer 5

Small echogenic circle within the orbit

Question 6

View that demonstrates the nasal bones, soft tissue, and mandible:

Answer 6

Longitudinal

Question 7

Longitudinal view demonstrating the nasal bones soft tissue and mandible is useful to rule out:

Answer 7

Micrognathia, anterior encephalocele, nasal bridge defects, examine upper lip

Question 8

View that shows orbital abnormalities and intraorbital distances:

Answer 8

Transverse

Question 9

Transverse view showing orbital abnormalities an intraorbital distances is useful to evaluate:

Answer 9

Maxilla, mandible, tongue

Question 10

Protrusion of brain from cranial cavity

Answer 10

Cephalocele

Question 11

Anterior cephaloceles may cause

Answer 11

Hypertelorism(eyes fat apart)

Question 12

AKA Kleeblattschadel

Answer 12

Clover-lead skull

Question 13

Clover leaf skull is associated with ______ and _____

Answer 13

Skeletal dysplasia and ventriculomegally

Question 14

May cause forehead to have elongated appearance in sagittal plane & triangular shape in axial plane

Answer 14

Trigonocephaly

Question 15

Frontal bossing may be observed in fetus with:

Answer 15

lemon-shaped skull or skeletal dysplasias

Question 16

Premature closure of any or all six cranial sutures

Answer 16

Craniosynostosis

Question 17

Midface hypoplasia will have a depressed or absent ____

Answer 17

Nasal bridge

Question 18

Midface hypoplasia may be seen in fetuses with chromosome anomaly

Answer 18

Trisomy 21

Question 19

Flat face defect is more easily noted with

Answer 19

Coexisting frontal bossing

Question 20

A median cleft face syndrome consisting of a range of midline facial defects involving the eyes forehead and nose

Answer 20

Frontal dysplasia

Question 21

Primary ultrasound finding in frontal dysplasia

Answer 21

Hypertelorism

Question 22

Cause of frontal dysplasia

Answer 22

Unknown, occurrence is sporadic

Question 23

Fetal criteria for NT

Answer 23

Between 11-13 weeks and 6 days

CRL of 45-84mm

Question 24

A NT measurement of ___ is abnormal

Answer 24

> 3mm

Question 25

Tumors such as ______ or _______ may disrupt the facial contour in the sagittal plane

Answer 25

Epignathus(tumor in mouth) Teratoma

Question 26

Macroglossia is found in pts with ____

Answer 26

Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome

Question 27

Tongue protrusion may suggest

Answer 27

Macroglossia

Question 28

When small chin is observed, ___ should be suspected

Answer 28

Micrognathia

Question 29

Micrognathia may be so severe that _____ occurs because of the inability for the fetus to swallow

Answer 29

Polyhydramnios

Question 30

May be observed in Goldenhar’s syndrome with anophthalmia(absent eye), hemifacial microsomia(one side of face is small).

Answer 30

Ear malformations

Question 31

Rare anomaly where absence of the mandible causes ears to form close together anteriorly & toward the neck

Answer 31

Otocephaly

Question 32

Decreases distance between orbits

Answer 32

Hypotelorism

Question 33

Hypotelorism is most commonly associated with

Answer 33

Holoprosencephaly

Question 34

Increased distance between orbits

Answer 34

Hypertelorism

Question 35

______ may widen the space between the eyes

Answer 35

Frontal cephaloceles

Question 36

Obvious hypotelorism will be seen in _____ and _____

Answer 36

Ethmocephaly & cebocephaly

Question 37

Most common congenital anomaly of the face

Answer 37

Cleft lip

Question 38

Occurs because of failure to fuse primary and secondary plate

Answer 38

Cleft lip

Question 39

Occurs when lateral palatine processes fail to fuse in midline

Answer 39

Cleft palate

Question 40

When cleft lip is unilateral, it most commonly originated on the ____ side of the face

Answer 40

Left

Question 41

If cleft lip is bilateral, _____ of fetus’ will also have cleft palate

Answer 41

85%

Question 42

If cleft lip is unilateral, _____ of fetus’ will also have cleft palate

Answer 42

70%

Question 43

Teratoma located in the oropharynx

Answer 43

Epignathus

Question 44

Epignathus: swallowing may be impaired, resulting in _____

Answer 44

Polyhydramnios

Question 45

Small ____ may be present with epignathus

Answer 45

Small stomach

Question 46

Most common neck mass

Answer 46

Cystic hygroma

Question 47

Abnormality commonly associated with cystic hygroma

Answer 47

Turners syndrome

Question 48

A goiter observed prenatally suggest that the mother may have

Answer 48

Thyroid disease

Question 49

Cystic hygroma is a malformation of the ______

Answer 49

Lymphatic system

Question 50

Failure of lymphatic system to properly connect with the venous system results in ______

Answer 50

distention of the jugular lymph sac Accumulation of lymph in fetal tissue

Question 51

_____% of hygromas involve the neck

Answer 51

70%

Question 52

Cystic hygromas usually arise from the _____ aspect of the neck bilaterally

Answer 52

Posterior

Question 53

_____% of cystic hygromas are associated with chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 53

50%

Question 54

Cystic hygroma with _____ has a 100% mortality rate

Answer 54

Fetal hydrops

Question 55

Usually appears as a symmetrical, solid, and homogeneous mass, arising from the anterior fetal neck and region of the fetal thyroid gland

Answer 55

Fetal goiter

Question 56

With a large goiter, _____ may be obstructed and fetal neck may be ______

Answer 56

Esophagus Hyperextended

Question 57

Fetal goiter obstructing the esophagus may result in

Answer 57

Hydramnios and a small/absent stomach

Question 58

Teratoma’s are usually ____ & ______

Answer 58

Unilateral and anterior

Question 59

Teratoma can cause ____ of the neck

Answer 59

Hyperextension

Question 60

_____ can help differentiate a mass from an atypical hygroma

Answer 60

Color Doppler

Question 61

Color Doppler helps differentiate a mass/teratoma from an atypical hygroma because:

Answer 61

A teratoma will have blood flow while a cystic hygroma won’t