Chapter 59: The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus—Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain

Question 1

The major reward centers have been found to be located along the course of the:

Answer 1

medial forebrain bundle, especially in the lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Question 2

Which reward area of the limbic system causes rage upon strong stimuli

Answer 2

lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 3

Hypothalamic areas that increase the arterial pressure and heart rate

Answer 3

posterior and lateral hypothalamic areas

Question 4

Hypothalamic areathat decreased the arterial pressure and heart rate

Answer 4

preoptic area

Question 5

Hypothalamic area that regulates body temperature

Answer 5

anterior portion of the hypothalamus especially the preoptic area

Question 6

An area called the thirst center is located in the _________ hypothalamus

Answer 6

lateral

Question 6

An area called the thirst center is located in the _________ hypothalamus

Answer 6

lateral

Question 7

Another area of the hypothalamus that enters into overall control of gastrointestinal activity is the ______, which control at least partially the patterns of many feeding reflexes, such as licking the lips and swallowing.

Answer 7

mammillary bodies

Question 8

Satiety and hunger center

Answer 8

Satiety = ventromedial nuclei
Hunger = lateral nuclei

Question 9

The SCN receives direct innervation from the retina via the tract to entrain its activity to day–night cycles.

Answer 9

retinohypothalamic tract

Question 10

transcriptional activators for the 2 feedback loops of the clock mechanisms in the SCN

Answer 10

CLOCK and BMAL1

**initiate transcription of “clock genes” (PER1, PER2, and PER3) and “cryptochrome genes” (CRY1 and CRY2). These genes turn on synthesis of PER and CRY proteins;

Question 11

The SCN receives neural input from specialized “intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells” that contain the
photopigment ________ and transmit signals through the retinohypothalamic tract.

Answer 11

melanopsin

Question 12

The most potent areas for punishment and escape tendencies have been found in the:

Answer 12

central gray area surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius in the mesencephalon and extending upward into the periventricular zones of the hypothalamus and thalamus.

Question 13

Effects of Bilateral Ablation of the Amygdala

Answer 13

Kluver-Bucy Sydnrome

Question 14

Ablation of which portions of the limbic cortex bilaterally may result to the animal
becoming vicious and much more subject to fits of rage than normally.

Answer 14

Anterior cingulate gyri and subcallosal gyri

Question 15

Bilateral removal of the ___________ cortex often causes an animal to develop insomnia associated with intense motor restlessness; the animal becomes unable to sit still and moves about continuously.

Answer 15

posterior portion of the orbital frontal