Chapter 6

Question 1

An electron rich center is called?

Answer 1

Nucleophile

Question 2

A _____________ center is an electron rich center that’s capable of donating a pair of electrons

Answer 2

Nucleophilic

Question 3

Intermediates have a certain, albeit short, lifetime. Intermediates appear as __________.

Answer 3

Local minima

Question 4

And electron deficient center is called an

Answer 4

Electrophile 

Question 5

The energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction or during a physical change of state

Answer 5

Thermodynamics

Question 6

Study of How fast the reaction proceeds from left to right is….

Answer 6

Kinetics

Question 7

The step-by-step pathway from reactants to products

Answer 7

mechanisms

Question 8

An extensive property of a substance that can be used to obtain the heat absorbed or evolved in a chemical reaction
(The heat content)

Answer 8

Enthalpy

Question 9

Bond disassociation energies can be used to estimate the

Answer 9

Heat of reaction or delta H

Question 10

When delta H is negative what type of process is it?

Answer 10

Exothermic

Question 11

When delta H is positive what type of process is it?

Answer 11

Endothermic

Question 12

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always ________ for a spontaneous process

Answer 12

Increases

Spontaneous favors products, delta G is negative, K equilibrium is greater than one

Question 13

A thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of the randomness or disorder in a system. It is a state function (current state)

Answer 13

Entropy, S

Question 14

The study of reaction rates is called

Answer 14

Kinetics

Question 15

The value of the rate constant depends on what three factors?

Answer 15

The energy of activation, temperature, and steric factors

Question 16

What is the difference between a nucleophile and a Lewis base?

Answer 16

Nothing!

Question 17

When an atom carries a formal or partial positive charge and can except a pair of electrons it is considered a….

Answer 17

Electrophile 

Question 18

How do you draw the arrows for a nucleophilic attack?

Answer 18

The tail of the arrow starts on the electrons

The head of the arrow ends on a nucleus slash that carbon.

Question 19

A base is __________ when it uses a pair of electrons to take and H plus from the acid.
The acid retains its electron pair

Answer 19

Protonated

Question 20

Multiple errors may be necessary to show the complete electron flow when a proton is exchanged.
True or false?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Carbocations can be stabilized by neighboring groups through slight orbital overlapping called….

Answer 21

Hyperconjugation 

Question 22

What are the two common types of carbocation arrangements?

Answer 22

• hydride shift
• methyl shift

Shifts can only occur from an adjacent carbon. The shifts make the carbocation more stable

Question 23

Where do you arrows always start?

Answer 23

On a pair of electrons. A bonded pair or a loan pair!

Question 24

Don’t make the mistake of starting an arrow on a ….

Answer 24

Nucleus

The arrow ends on a nucleus (electrons become a long pair) or between two nuclei (electrons move into position to become a bond)

Question 25

Avoid breaking the octet rule. Never give carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or Florine more than ____ valence electrons

Answer 25

8

Question 26

When you encounter a carbocation, you must consider all possible rearrangements (________ and ________)

Answer 26

Hydride and methyl shifts