chapter 6

Question 1

soaring elation or deep depression

Answer 1

extreme emotions or affect (present in all mood disorders)

Question 2

often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria,

Answer 2

mania

Question 3

which usually involves

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection.

Answer 3

depression

Question 4

the person experiences only depressive episodes,

Answer 4

unipolar depressive disorders

Question 5

the person experiences both manic and depressive episodes.

Answer 5

bipolar and related disorders

Question 6

a
person must be markedly depressed or lose interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least two weeks. Other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite, or feelings of worthlessness must also be present

Answer 6

major depressive disorder

Question 7

the person shows a markedly elevated, euphoric,
or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence—particularly when others refuse to go along with the manic person’s wishes and schemes.

Answer 7

manic episode

Question 8

in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 4 days.

Answer 8

hypomanic episode

Question 9

feeling after the loss of a loved one

Answer 9

bereavement/grief

Question 10

This disorder is diagnosed if a woman has had a certain

set of symptoms in the majority of her menstrual cycles for the past year.

Answer 10

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 11

a person must have a
persistently depressed mood most of the day, for more days than
not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents).

Answer 11

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Question 12

a group of disorders—that

share obvious symptoms of clinically significant fear or anxiety.

Answer 12

anxiety disorders

Question 13

are persistent and highly recurrent intrusive thoughts or images that are experienced as disturbing and
inappropriate.

Answer 13

obsessions

Question 14

are repetitive behaviors (such as handwashing or checking) that the person feels must be performed
in response to the obsession

Answer 14

compulsions

Question 15

involves a general feeling of apprehension about

possible future danger,

Answer 15

anxiety

Question 16

an alarm reaction in response to immediate danger/ a basic emotion (shared by many animals) that involves activation of the “fight-or-flight” response of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 16

fear

Question 17

To Freud, these disorders developed when

intrapsychic conflict produced significant anxiety.

Answer 17

neurotic disorders

Question 18

in Freud’s formulation, this is a sign of an inner battle or conflict between
some primitive desire (from the id) and prohibitions against its
expression (from the ego and superego).

Answer 18

anxiety

Question 19

When the fear response
occurs in the absence of any obvious external danger, we say
the person has had a spontaneous or uncued _____? often
accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom, including fears of dying, going crazy, or losing control.

Answer 19

panic attack

Question 20

3 components of fear and panic

Answer 20

cognitive, behavioral and physiological component

Question 21

People with this disorder experience both frequent
panic attacks and intense anxiety focused on the possibility of
having another one.

Answer 21

panic disorder

Question 22

exhibit many anxiety symptoms about the possibility of
encountering their phobic situation, but they may also experience a fear or panic response when they actually encounter the
situation.

Answer 22

specific/social phobias

Question 23

People with this phobia go to great lengths
to avoid a variety of feared situations, ranging from open streets,
bridges, and crowded public places.

Answer 23

agoraphobia

Question 24

) mostly experience a general sense of diffuse anxiety
and worry about many potentially bad things that may happen; some may also experience an occasional panic attack, but
it is not a focus of their anxiety.

Answer 24

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 25

—a proneness or | disposition to experience negative mood states that is a common risk factor for both anxiety and mood disorders

Answer 25

neuroticism

Question 26

also called the emotional brain. centrally involved in mood disorders

Answer 26

limbic system

Question 27

neurotransmitters that are involved in mood disorders

Answer 27

Gamma AminoButyric Acid, Norepinephrine, Serotonin

Question 28

medications often used to treat anxiety disorders (except specific phobias)

Answer 28

antianxiety medications (anxiolytics) and antidepressant medications

Question 29

is a persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger and yet leads to a great deal of avoidance of these feared situations.

Answer 29

phobia

Question 30

if she or he shows strong and persistent fear that is triggered by the presence of a specific object or situation

Answer 30

specific phobia

Question 31

intensely afraid of closed spaces

Answer 31

claustrophobia

Question 32

Afraid of heights

Answer 32

acrophobia

Question 33

Subtype of specific phobia (spiders, dogs, snakes)

Answer 33

animal phobia

Question 34

Subtype of specific phobia (storm, heights, water)

Answer 34

natural environment

Question 35

Subtype of specific phobia (seeing blood, receiving shots, seeing a person on a wheelchair)

Answer 35

blood-injection-injury

Question 36

Subtype of specific phobia (public transpoetation, tunnel, flying, driving, elevators, bridges, enclosed spaces)

Answer 36

situational

Question 37

Subtype of specific phobia ( choking, vomiting, space phobia)

Answer 37

others

Question 38

Fear of falling down if away from walls or other support

Answer 38

Space phobia

Question 39

In this phobia, they also show a unique physiological response. Rather than showing the simple increase in heart rate and blood pressure seen when most people with phobias encounter their phobic object, these people show an initial acceleration, followed by a dramatic drop in both heart rate and blood pressure. This is very fre- quently accompanied by nausea, dizziness, or fainting, which do not occur with other specific phobia

Answer 39

Blood-injection-injury phobia

Question 40

condition- ing in which a person has a terrifying experience in the pres- ence of a neutral object or situation

Answer 40

Direct traumatic conditioning

Question 41

Simply watching a phobic person behaving fearfully with his or her phobic object can be distressing to the observer and can result in fear being transmitted from one person to another

Answer 41

Vicarious conditioning / Observational classical conditioning

Question 42

For example, this effect suggests that a person who acquired, a mild fear of driving fol- lowing a minor crash might be expected to develop a full-blown phobia if he or she later were physically assaulted, even though no automobile was present during the assault

Answer 42

inflation effect

Question 43

This learning occurs because, over the course of evolution, those primates and humans who rapidly acquired fears of certain objects or situations that posed real threats to our early ancestors may have enjoyed a selective advantage

Answer 43

prepared learning

Question 44

One of the variants of serotonin-transporter gene which has been linked to heightened neuroticism

Answer 44

the s allele/ 5-HTTLPR

Question 45

Toddlers (who are excessively timid, shy, easily distressed,

Answer 45

behaviorally inhibited toddlers

Question 46

A form of behavior therapy which is the best treatment for specific phobias—involves controlled exposure to the stimuli or situations that elicit phobic fear

Answer 46

exposure therapy

Question 47

A variant of exposure therapy in which Here the therapist calmly models ways of interacting with the phobic stim- ulus or situation (

Answer 47

participant modeling

Question 48

is a collection of nuclei in front of the hippocampus in the limbic system of the brain that is critically involved in the emotion of fear.

Answer 48

Amygdala

Question 49

A drug which is known to facilitate extinction of conditioned fear in animals, may enhance the effectiveness of small amounts of exposure therapy for fear of heights in a virtual reality environment

Answer 49

d-cycloserine

Question 50

as the DSM-5 describes it, is characterized by disabling fears of one or more specific social situations (such as public speaking, urinating in a public bathroom, or eating or writing in public

Answer 50

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

Question 51

Most common type of social phobia

Answer 51

intense fear of public speaking

Question 52

2 subtypes of social phobia

Answer 52

centers on performance/ | Nonperformance situations/

Question 53

in this technique, the therapist attempts to help clients with social phobia identify their underlying negative, automatic thoughts. After helping clients understand that such automatic thoughts (which usually occur just below the surface of awareness but can be accessed) often involve cognitive distortions, the therapist helps the clients change these inner thoughts and beliefs through logical reanalysis.

Answer 53

cognitive restructuring

Question 54

most effective and widely used medication for social phobia

Answer 54

monoamine oxidase inhibitors(MAOI's)/ selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)

Question 55

3 psychological factors of social phobia and 2 biological factors

Answer 55

psychological (learned behavior, evolutionary context ((phobic and non phobic cues)), unpredictability and uncontrollability, cognitive biases) BIOLOGICAL ( genetic and temperamental factors (Behavioral inhibitions)

Question 56

is defined and characterized by the occurrence of panic attacks that often seem to come “out of the blue.”

Answer 56

panic disorder

Question 57

must have been persistently concerned about having another panic attack or worried about the consequences of having an attack for at least a month

Answer 57

anticipatory anxiety

Question 58

(a feeling of | being detached from one’s body)

Answer 58

depersonalization

Question 59

a feeling that the | external world is strange or unreal

Answer 59

derealization

Question 60

panic attack that occurs while asleep

Answer 60

nocturnal panic

Question 61

one of symptoms of panic attacks that means numbness or tingling sensations

Answer 61

paresthesias

Question 62

people with this phobia are anxious about being in places or situations from which escape would be physically difficult or psychologically embarrassing, or in which immediate help would be unavailable if something bad happened

Answer 62

agoraphobia

Question 63

also called blue spot, part of the brain stem involved in the neurobiology of panic attacks, principal site for the brain synthesis of norepinephrine

Answer 63

locus coeruleus

Question 64

(also a part of the limbic system, below the cortex, which is very involved in the learning of emotional responses

Answer 64

hippocampus

Question 65

At present, two primary neurotransmitter systems are most | implicated in panic attacks

Answer 65

noradrenergic and serotonergic system

Question 66

initial panic attacks become associated with initially neutral internal and external cues

Answer 66

interoceptive conditioning/ exteroceptive conditioning

Question 66

initial panic attacks become associated with initially neutral internal and external cues

Answer 66

interoceptive conditioning/ exteroceptive conditioning

Question 67

3 components of panic disorder

Answer 67

panic attacks, agoraphobic fears, anticipatory anxiety

Question 68

is a trait-like belief that | certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences.

Answer 68

anxiety sensitivity

Question 69

medications often used for panic disorders

Answer 69

anxiolytics and anidepressants

Question 70

in the benzodiazepine category, these 2 particular anxiolytics were often given for panic disorders

Answer 70

alprazolam (xanax) and clonazepam (klonopin) (bonus: side effects, drowsiness and sedation)

Question 71

3 antidepressants primarily used for the treatment of panic disorder

Answer 71

tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs (Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) (bonus: side effects (such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision with the tricyclics, and interference with sexual arousal with the SSRIs)

Question 72

One technique involves the variant on exposure meaning deliberate exposure to feared internal sensations.

Answer 72

interoceptive exposure

Question 73

targets both agoraphobic avoidance and panic attacks. First, clients are educated about the nature of anxiety and panic and how the capacity to experience both is adaptive. A second part of the treatment involves teaching people with panic disorder to control their breathing. Third, clients are taught about the logical errors that people who have panic disorders are prone to making and learn to subject their own automatic thoughts to a logical reanalysis. Finally, they are exposed to feared situations and feared bodily sensations to build up a tolerance to the discomfort

Answer 73

Panic Control Treatment

Question 74

this suggests that the meaning that people attach to their bodily sensations; they will experience panic only if they make catastrophic interpretations of certain bodily sensations.

Answer 74

cognitive model theory

Question 75

this suggests that anxiety and panic | attacks can be triggered by unconscious interoceptive cues

Answer 75

interoceptive model theory

Question 76

DSM-5 criteria specify that the worry must occur on more days than not for at least 6 months and that it must be experienced as difficult to control (see DSM-5 criteria box). The worry must be about a number of different events or activities, and its content cannot be exclusively related to the worry associated with another concurrent disorder, such as the possibility of having a panic attack.

Answer 76

generalized anxiety disorder (formerly known as free-floating anxiety

Question 77

3 benefits that people with | GAD most commonly think derive from worrying

Answer 77

superstitious avoidance of catastrophe, avoidance of deeper emotional topics, coping and preparation

Question 78

A newer medication from a different medication category is also effective, and it neither is sedating nor leads to physiological dependence. It also has greater effects on psychic anxiety than do the benzodiazepines in treating GAD

Answer 78

buspirone

Question 79

disorder that involves skin picking

Answer 79

excoriation disorder

Question 80

involves pulling of the hair

Answer 80

trichotillomania

Question 81

is defined by the occurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive thoughts or distressing images. These are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors performed to undo or neutralize the obsessive thoughts or images or as a way of preventing some dreaded event or situation

Answer 81

obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 82

involve persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are experienced as disturbing, inappropriate, and uncontrollable

Answer 82

obsessions

Question 83

Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.

Answer 83

compulsions

Question 84

difficulty discarding or parting with | possessions,

Answer 84

hoarding disorder

Question 85

five primary types of compulsive rituals

Answer 85

cleaning, repeated checking, repeating, ordering or arranging, counting

Question 86

For a smaller number of people, the compulsions are to perform various everyday acts (such as eating or dressing) extremely slowly

Answer 86

primary obsessional slowness

Question 87

According to this theory, neutral stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts or experiences through classical conditioning and come to elicit anxiety. For example, touching a doorknob or shaking hands might become associated with the “scary” idea of contamination. Once having made this association, the person may discover that the anxiety produced by shaking hands or touching a doorknob can be reduced by hand washing.

Answer 87

two process theory of avoidance learning (mowrer's)

Question 88

In turn, in some vulnerable people, this inflated sense of responsibility can be associated with beliefs that simply having a thought about doing something (e.g., attacking a patient) is morally equivalent to actually having done it (e.g., having attacked a patient), or that thinking about committing a sin increases the chances of actually doing so. T

Answer 88

thought-action fusion

Question 89

a disorder characterized by severe chronic motor and vocal tics that is known to have a substantial genetic basis

Answer 89

tourette's syndrome

Question 90

this is where primitive urges regarding sex, aggression, hygiene, and danger come from (the “stuff of obsessions”

Answer 90

orbital frontal cortex

Question 91

a tricyclic drug that is often effective in the treatment of OCD even though other tricyclic antidepressants are generally not very effective (

Answer 91

anafril (clomipramine)

Question 92

r antidepressant drugs from the SSRI category that also have relatively selective effects on serotonin, have also been shown to be about equally effective in the treatment of OCD

Answer 92

fluoxetine (prozac)

Question 93

This treatment involves having the OCD clients develop a hierarchy of upsetting stimuli and rate them on a 0 to 100 scale according to their capacity to evoke anxiety, distress, or disgust. Then the clients are asked to expose themselves repeatedly (either in guided fantasy or directly) to stimuli that will provoke their obsession (such as, for someone with compulsive washing rituals, touching the bottom of their shoe or a toilet seat in a public bathroom). Following each exposure, they are asked to not engage in the rituals that they ordinarily would engage in to reduce the anxiety or distress provoked by their obsession.

Answer 93

exposure and response prevention

Question 94

People with this are obsessed with some perceived or imagined flaw or flaws in their appearance to the point they firmly believe they are disfigured or ugly

Answer 94

body dysmorphic disorder

Question 95

variant of panic disorder in latin america

Answer 95

ataque de nervios

Question 96

Another culture-related syndrome that occurs in places like China and other Southeast Asian countries which for men involves intense, acute fear that the penis is retracting into the body and that when this process is complete the sufferer will die. in women, for whom the fear is that their nipples are retracting and their breasts shrinking.

Answer 96

koro

Question 97

people with this are concerned about doing something that will embarrass or offend others

Answer 97

taijin kyofusho