chapter 7

Question 1

soaring elation or

deep depression

Answer 1

extremes of emotion or affect

Question 2

often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria,

Answer 2

mania

Question 3

which usually involves

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection

Answer 3

depression

Question 4

the person experiences only depressive episodes,

Answer 4

unipolar depressive disorders

Question 5

the

person experiences both manic and depressive episodes.

Answer 5

bipolar and related disorders

Question 6

a 
person must be markedly depressed or lose interest in formerly 
pleasurable activities (or both) for at least two weeks.

Answer 6

major depressive disorder

Question 7

the person shows a markedly elevated, euphoric,
or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of
intense irritability or even violence—particularly when others
refuse to go along with the manic person’s wishes and schemes.

Answer 7

manic episode

Question 8

a person experiences
abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least
4 days.

Answer 8

hypomanic episode

Question 9

The symptoms of this condition typically include changeable mood, crying
easily, sadness, and irritability, often liberally intermixed with happy
feelings for new mothers

Answer 9

postpartum blues

Question 10

a person must have a
persistently depressed mood most of the day, for more days than
not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents). In
addition, individuals must have at least two of six additional
symptoms when depressed

Answer 10

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Question 11

This disorder is diagnosed if a woman has had a certain
set of symptoms in the majority of her menstrual cycles for the
past year.

Answer 11

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 12

The diagnostic criteria for this disorder require that the person exhibit more
symptoms than are required for dysthymia and that the symptoms be more persistent (not interwoven with periods of normal
mood).

Answer 12

major depressive disorder (major depression)

Question 13

refers to the return of symptoms within a fairly short
period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that
the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course

Answer 13

relapse

Question 14

a form of depression experienced by infants

Answer 14

anaclitic depression or despair

Question 15

These

different patterns of symptoms or features are called _____

Answer 15

specifiers

Question 16

This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting
the criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient either has lost
interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events. This severe subtype of
depression is more heritable than most other forms of depression
and is more often associated with a history of childhood trauma

Answer 16

major depressive episode with melancholic features

Question 17

this specifier has Psychotic symptoms, characterized by loss of contact with
reality and delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), may sometimes accompany other symptoms
of major depression.

Answer 17

severe major depressive episode with psychotic features

Question 18

false beliefs

Answer 18

delusions

Question 19

false sensory perceptions

Answer 19

hallucinations

Question 20

delusions and hallucinations seem in some sense appropriate to serious depression
because the content is negative in tone, such as themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, deserved punishment, death, or disease.

Answer 20

mood congruent

Question 21

a specifier that includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by
mood reactivity; that is, the person’s mood brightens in response
to potential positive events

Answer 21

major depressive episode with atypical features

Question 22

A fourth specifier is used when the individual shows marked
psychomotor disturbances. includes a range of psychomotor symptoms, from motoric immobility (catalepsy—a stuporous state) to
extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity

Answer 22

Major depressive episode with

catatonic features

Question 23

To meet DSM-5
criteria for this specifier, the person must have had at least two
episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same
time of the year (most commonly fall or winter), and full remission must also have occurred at the same time of the year (most
commonly spring). In addition, the person cannot have had
other, nonseasonal depressive episodes in the same 2-year period,
and most of the person’s lifetime depressive episodes must have
been of the seasonal variety

Answer 23

seasonal affective disorder or recurrent major depressive episode with seasonal pattern

Question 24

People with this are moderately depressed on a
chronic basis (meeting symptom criteria for dysthymia) but
undergo increased problems from time to time, during which
they also meet criteria for a major depressive episode.

Answer 24

double depression

Question 25

a gene involved in the transmission and reuptake of serotonin, one of the key neurotransmitters involved in depression.

Answer 25

serotonin transporter gene

Question 26

theory that states that depression was at least sometimes due to an absolute or relative depletion of one or both of these neurotransmitters at important receptor sites in the brain

Answer 26

monoamine theory of depression

Question 27

the inability | to experience pleasure,

Answer 27

anhedonia

Question 28

excreted by the outermost portion of the adrenal glands and is regulated through a complex feedback loop (stress hormone

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

a potent suppressor | of plasma cortisol in normal individuals,

Answer 29

dexamethasone

Question 30

This area is involved in selective attention, which is important in prioritizing the most important information available, and therefore in self-regulation and adaptability—all important processes that are disrupted in depression.

Answer 30

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 31

Another area involved which is critical to learning and memory and regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Answer 31

hippocampus

Question 32

Exciting neurophysiological research in recent years has followed up on earlier neurological findings that damage (for example, from a stroke) to the left, but not the right, of this area often leads to depression

Answer 32

anterior prefrontal cortex

Question 33

area which is involved in responsivity to reward

Answer 33

orbital prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Lower levels of activity in this area which are associated with decreased cognitive control

Answer 34

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,

Question 35

this area is involved in the perception of threat and in directing attention, tends to show increased activation in individuals with depression (and anxiety disorders), which may be related to their biased attention to negative emotional information

Answer 35

amygdala

Question 36

characterized by five stages that occur in a | relatively invariant sequence throughout the night

Answer 36

sleep

Question 37

is characterized by rapid eye | movements and dreaming as well as other bodily changes;

Answer 37

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 38

this includes cycles other than sleep, including body temperature, propensity to REM sleep, and secretion of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone. it is also controlled by two central oscillators which act as internal biological clocks

Answer 38

circadian rhythm

Question 39

refers to one or more forms of stress ongoing for at least | several months

Answer 39

chronic stress

Question 40

primary personality variable that serves as a vulnerability factor for depression (and anxiety disorders as well;refers to a stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.

Answer 40

neuroticism/ negative affectivity

Question 41

involves a disposition to feel joyful, | energetic, bold, proud, enthusiastic, and confident;

Answer 41

positive affectivity

Question 42

people low on this disposition tend to feel unenthusiastic, unenergetic, dull, flat, and bored.

Answer 42

introversion

Question 43

the underlying dysfunctional beliefs, , which are | rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.

Answer 43

depressogenic schemas

Question 44

thoughts that often occur just below the surface of | awareness and involve unpleasant, pessimistic predictions.

Answer 44

negative automatic thoughts

Question 45

the negative cognitive triad according to aaron beck

Answer 45

negative thoughts about the self, negative thoughts about one's experiences and the surrounding world, negative thoughts about one's future

Question 46

involves a tendency to think in extremes.

Answer 46

dichotomous or all-or none reasoning

Question 47

involves a tendency to focus on | one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation.

Answer 47

selective abstraction

Question 48

involves jumping to a conclusion | based on minimal or no evidence

Answer 48

arbitrary inference

Question 49

It states that when animals or humans find that they have no control over aversive events (such as shock), they may learn that they are helpless, which makes them unmotivated to try to respond in the future

Answer 49

learned helplessness

Question 50

3 critical dimensions in which attributions are made

Answer 50

internal/external, global/specific, stable/unstable

Question 51

defined by the perception that one had no control over what was going to happen and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur or that a highly desired good outcome was not going to occur.

Answer 51

hopelessness expectancy

Question 52

a process in which they focus intently on how they feel and why they feel that way, which involves a pattern of repetitive and relatively passive mental activity

Answer 52

rumination

Question 53

focuses on different kinds of responses that people have when they experience feelings and symptoms of sadness and distress, and how their differing response styles affect the course of their depressed feelings.

Answer 53

The Ruminative Response Styles Theory of | Depression

Question 54

s defined as a less serious version of full-blown bipolar disorder because it lacks certain extreme symptoms and psychotic features such as delusions and the marked impairment caused by full-blown manic or major depressive episodes.

Answer 54

cyclothymia

Question 55

is distinguished from major depressive | disorder by the presence of mania

Answer 55

bipolar 1 disorder

Question 56

is characterized by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days.

Answer 56

mixed episode

Question 57

DSM-5 also identifies a distinct form of bipolar disorder in which the person does not experience full-blown manic (or mixed) episodes but has experienced clear-cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes

Answer 57

bipolar 2 disorder

Question 58

a pattern where persons with bipolar disorder experience | at least four episodes (either manic or depressive) every year,

Answer 58

rapid cycling

Question 59

the enzyme responsible for the breakdown | of norepinephrine and serotonin once released.

Answer 59

monoamine oxidase

Question 60

These are known to increase neurotransmission | of the monoamines

Answer 60

tricyclic antidepressants

Question 61

often used to describe lithium and related drugs because they have both antimanic and antidepressant effects

Answer 61

mood stabilizer

Question 62

These drugs are often effective in patients who do not respond well to lithium or who develop unacceptable side effects from it (Thase & Denko, 2008), and they may also be given in combination with lithium

Answer 62

anti convulsants

Question 63

is often used with severely depressed patients (especially among the elderly) who may present an immediate and serious suicidal risk, including those with psychotic or melancholic features (The treatments, which induce seizures, are delivered under general anesthesia and with muscle relaxants.

Answer 63

electroconvulsive therapy

Question 64

therapy use to treat bipolar disorders and unipolar

Answer 64

pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, bright light therapy, psychotherapy

Question 65

is a noninvasive technique allowing focal stimulation of the brain in patients who are awake. Brief but intense pulsating magnetic fields that induce electrical activity in certain parts of the cortex are delivered

Answer 65

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 66

involves implanting an electrode in the brain | and then stimulating that area with electric current

Answer 66

deep brain stimulation

Question 67

The logic of this treatment is based on findings that people with recurrent depression are likely to have negative thinking patterns activated when they are simply in a depressed mood.

Answer 67

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Question 68

This treatment approach focuses intensively on getting patients to become more active and engaged with their environment and with their interpersonal relationships. These techniques include scheduling daily activities and rating pleasure and mastery while engaging in them, exploring alternative behaviors to reach goals, and role-playing to address specific deficits.

Answer 68

behavioral activation treatment

Question 69

This approach focuses on current relationship issues, trying to help the person understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns

Answer 69

interpersonal therapy

Question 70

In this new treatment, patients are taught to recognize the effect of interpersonal events on their social and circadian rhythms and to regularize these rhythms

Answer 70

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

Question 71

taking one's own life

Answer 71

suicide

Question 72

3 main thrusts of preventive efforts for suicide

Answer 72

treatment of current mental disorder, crisis intervention, working with high risk groups

Question 73

The primary objective of this is to help a person cope with an immediate life crisis. If a serious suicide attempt has been made, the first step involves emergency medical treatment, followed by referral to inpatient or outpatient mental health facilities in order to reduce the risk for future attempts

Answer 73

crisis intervention

Question 74

often accompanies thoughts of suicide. Some people (most often women) do not really wish to die but instead want to communicate a dramatic message to others concerning their distress. Their suicide attempts tend to involve nonlethal methods such as minimal drug ingestion or minor wrist cutting. They usually arrange matters so that intervention by others is almost inevitable.

Answer 74

suicidal ambivalence/ambivalence