Chapter 6

Question 1

The idea that your genetics determine our behavior. The way that we act is in our nature.

Answer 1

Nature

Question 2

The idea that the way we were raised determines our behavior. We were nurtured to act in certain ways.

Answer 2

Nurture

Question 3

What is the importance of studying talent and giftedness?

Answer 3

1) Helps create environments where talent and giftedness flourish

2) May lead to admiration and urge for self-improvement

3) Ensures advancement as a society and community

Question 4

How are talent and giftedness operationally defined?

Answer 4

1) Subjective judgements (Not sufficient for research)
2) Standardized assessments

Question 5

What is the population IQ score distribution?

Answer 5

68% within 85-115
28% within 70-85 and 115-130
2% within 55-70 and 130-145
0.2% below 55 and above 145

Question 6

Three different views on nature and nurture of talent and giftedness

Answer 6

1) Talent and giftedness are largely innate

2) Talent and giftedness are developed

3) Talent and giftedness are both innate and developed

Question 7

Andres Valencia

Answer 7

10 year old art prodigy
Little Picasso

Question 8

What is the heritability estimate of high intelligence (top 15%) for the High Cognitive Abilities Consortium

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

What is the heritability estimate of intelligence from the High Cognitive Abilities Consortium

Answer 9

55%

Question 10

What was the high intelligence heritability estimate for male twins that entered Swedish military between 1968 and 2010

Answer 10

44%

Question 11

What two things have high heritability estimates

Answer 11

1) Muscle mass
2) Explosive strength

Question 12

What was the heritability estimate for tendency to engage in athletics according to a twin study from 7 European countries

Answer 12

48% - 71%

Question 13

Relative age effect

Answer 13

Advantage of being born earlier in your age cohort

Question 14

Who are more likely to be better athletes and students?

Older people or younger people

Answer 14

Older, more physically mature young people

Question 15

How will relative age effect impact younger players in early development

Answer 15

May negatively impact them
(Those who continue with the sport may benefit in the long run)

Question 16

What is deliberate practice according to Ericsson (1993)

Answer 16

Performance and expertise tend to improve over time

Question 17

According to Vincent and Glamser (2006), relative age effect is more pronounced amongst soccer players from which gender

Answer 17

Male

Question 18

According to Ericsson (1993), can innate abilities fully explain talent and giftedness

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What activities are relevant for deliberate practice

Answer 19

1) Variability in objective performance outcomes
2) Person is motivated to work for the activity
3) person wants to improve performance

Question 20

What deliberate practice factors facilitate improved performance

Answer 20

1) Immediate feedback
2) Personalized feedback

Question 21

Immediate feedback

Answer 21

Built in success and failure feedback

(Shooting a basketball, writing code)

Question 22

Personalized feedback

Answer 22

Feedback provided by a teacher or expert

Question 23

For personalized feedback, what is the expert’s responsibility

Answer 23

Continuing to increase difficulty of practices

Question 24

For personalized feedback, what must improve to meet continued challenges

Answer 24

Skills

Question 25

According to Ericsson, on average, how long will it take to achieve excellence in certain skills

Answer 25

10,000 hours *Sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less

Question 26

Over-practice

Answer 26

A possible danger of overtraining

Question 27

What does excellence require a sensible balance between

Answer 27

1) Hard work 2) Rest

Question 28

How long do those who achieve high levels of excellence tend to practice daily

Answer 28

4 hours/day

Question 29

What are the four principles of deliberate practice

Answer 29

1) Work on areas in need of improvement 2) Give full concentration 3) Get feedback 4) Repeat until mastery

Question 30

What things keep individuals motivated for deliberate practice

Answer 30

1) Rethink failure 2) Rethink frustration and confusion 3) Rethink talent 4) Share the experience

Question 31

Grit

Answer 31

Combination of passion and persistance

Question 32

According to the SMPY, what were the percentage likelihoods for each cohort earning a doctoral degree by age 33

Answer 32

Cohort 1 (top 1 in 100): 25% Cohort 2 (top 1 in 200): 30% Cohort 3 (top 1 in 10,000): 50%

Question 33

Compared to low 25% on the SAT-Math, those in the top 25% of the SAT-Math were more likely to...

Answer 33

1) Obtain a doctorate degree 2) Obtain a STEM doctorate 3) Earn more money

Question 34

Threshold theory

Answer 34

After a certain level of intelligence, more intelligence has NO additional benefit *SMPY findings disagree

Question 35

Excellence Gap

Answer 35

Black, LatinX, ESL students are underrepresented in gifted/talented and STEM programs

Question 36

What two groups are more likely to leave gifted and talented programs than white students

Answer 36

BIPOC students and ESL students

Question 37

Which two groups are equally likely to declare STEM majors but more likely to leave major or drop out than white students

Answer 37

Black students and LatinX students

Question 38

What are the initiatives to address the Excellence Gap

Answer 38

1) Move away from standardized assessments 2) Provide an accelerated, challenging curriculum that makes identifying G/T students easier 3) Scholastic mentorship and preparation programs

Question 39

Passion

Answer 39

Intense interest and personal commitment to an activity regarded as central to an individual

Question 40

What are the two sections of the dualistic model of passion

Answer 40

1) Harmonious passion 2) Obsessive passion

Question 41

Describe harmonious passion

Answer 41

1) Autonomous and free 2) Positive experiences 3) Flow is often experienced *Activity allows for variety of experiences

Question 42

Describe obsessive passion

Answer 42

1) Controlling and rigid 2) Negative experiences 3) May conflict with one's identity and life 4) May lead to feelings of anxiety and shame *Difficulty controlling urge to do this activity