Chapter 7

Question 1

Positive experiences

Answer 1

Beliefs that the future is likely to be positive

Question 2

List two major types of positive experiences

Answer 2

1) Optimism
2) Hope

Question 3

Goals

Answer 3

Desired outcomes

Question 4

What are the five requirements to create good goals

Answer 4

1) Specific
2) Measurable
3) Attainable
4) Realistic
5) Time-bound

Question 5

Personal importance of goals

Answer 5

According to Brunstein, people are more likely to pursue goals that are personally important to them

Question 6

Approach goal

Answer 6

Involves attaining, achieving, or increasing something

Question 7

Avoidance goal

Answer 7

Involves avoiding, stopping, or reducing something

Question 8

According to Sheeran & Webb (2012), people perform better with what type of goals

Answer 8

Specific goals

Question 9

Abstract goals

Answer 9

Goals that reflect general aims that transcend specific situations

Question 10

Specific goals

Answer 10

Goals that detail specific, tangible rewards achieved by particular behaviors in response to particular contexts

Question 11

Intrinsic goals

Answer 11

Self-concordant goals that satisfy our deepest needs and values

*Includes personal growth and interpersonal closeness

Question 12

Extrinsic goals

Answer 12

Goals that primarily lead to external rewards and approval like wealth, status, and fame

Question 13

People with which type of goals tend to experience higher levels of psychological well-being and are more motivated to achieve their goals

Answer 13

Intrinsic goals

Question 14

Dispositional optimism

Answer 14

Tendency to believe that outcomes in one’s life will be positive, favorable, or desirable

Question 15

Which group reported less presurgical distress, more confidence in satisfaction with medical care, more relief and happiness after surgery, and greater post-surgery sift satisfaction

Answer 15

Optimists

Question 16

What may offer resistance to post-partum depression

Answer 16

Optimism

Question 17

What is consistently linked to lower levels of personal distress

Answer 17

Optimism

Question 18

What is linked to higher levels of distress

Answer 18

Pessimism

Question 19

What tool was created by Martin Seligman and his colleagues to measure people’s explanatory styles

Answer 19

Attributional Style Questionnaire

Question 20

What develops in childhood, and without explicit intervention, is lifelong

Answer 20

Explanatory style

Question 21

What are the three dimensions of explanatory style

Answer 21

1) Permanence
2) Pervasiveness
3) Personalization

Question 22

What is the ABCDE model for pessimistic thoughts

Answer 22

Adversity
Beliefs
Consequences (emotional)
Disputation of routine, irrational beliefs
Energization that occurs when dispute is successful/Effective new beliefs to replace irrational ones

Question 23

Disputations

Answer 23

Involve checking the accuracy of the beliefs about ourselves that are encouraging us to feel pessimistic

Question 24

John Henryism

Answer 24

Tendency to respond actively to stressors with the expectation that determination and hard work will lead to success

Question 25

John Henry

Answer 25

19th century African American folk hero

Question 26

What do studies show about people with high levels of John Henryism

Answer 26

1) Few financial resources 2) High societal barriers 3) Increased risk of cardiovascular problems 4) Generally diminished physical health

Question 27

Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the set of circumstances common with John Henryism

Answer 27

Black Americans

Question 28

According to Oishi and Diener (2001), between White and Asian students, which group felt more satisfied about progressing towards independent goals

Answer 28

White students

Question 29

According to Oishi and Diener (2001), between White and Asian students, which group felt more satisfied about progressing towards interdependent goals

Answer 29

Asian students

Question 30

What are the three components of hope

Answer 30

1) Goals 2) Pathways 3) Agency

Question 31

Pathways

Answer 31

Plans or strategies people believe will lead to goals

Question 32

Agency

Answer 32

The collection of beliefs that motivate people to work toward achieving their goals

Question 33

Which two components of hope are theorized to influence one another

Answer 33

Pathways and agency

Question 34

Who developed the Hope Theory model and when was it established

Answer 34

C.R. Snyder (1994)

Question 35

What measure assesses hope in a trait-like way

Answer 35

Hope Scale

Question 36

What measures one's momentary level of hope

Answer 36

State Hope Scale

Question 37

According to Feldman and Snyder (2005), greater hope and optimism have which associations

Answer 37

Lower depression and anxiety Higher self-esteem and meaning in life

Question 38

What are the four ways to make disputations convinving

Answer 38

1) Evidence 2) Alternatives 3) Implications 4) Usefulness

Question 39

Permanence

Answer 39

Sometimes vs always

Question 40

Pervasiveness

Answer 40

Specific vs global

Question 41

Personal

Answer 41

External vs internal

Question 42

What exists within cultural contexts

Answer 42

Goals

Question 43

What are the dangers of unrealistic optimism

Answer 43

1) Unnecessary risk-taking 2) Believing one is less vulnerable than they really are 3) Difficult to change