Chapter 6

Question 1

What is a “single item score”

Answer 1

An individual score assigned to each question for each participant in a study

Question 2

What are “summed scores”

Answer 2

The scores of an individual added up to measure the same variable.

Question 3

What are “Net or Difference” scores

Answer 3

Scores in a quantitative study that represent a difference or change for each individual.

Question 4

What is “cleaning the data”

Answer 4

The process of inspecting the data for scores or values that are outside the accepted range.

Question 5

What are “descriptive statistics “

Answer 5

Stats that present information that helps a researcher describe responses to each question and determine overall trends.

Stats that indicate general tendencies in the data.

This includes mean, median mode, variance, standard deviation, range, z-scores, percentile rank.

Question 6

What are “inferential statistics”

Answer 6

Enable researchers to draw conclusions, inferences, or generalizations from a sample to a population of participants.

Question 7

What is “Central Tendency” and name each of them.

Answer 7

Measures of central tendency are summary numbers that represent a single value in a distribution of scores.

Mean, Median, and Mode

Question 8

“Mean” is useful for what?

Answer 8

For calculating scores for other advanced statistics

Question 9

“Median” is useful for what?

Answer 9

It’s useful in situations with extreme outliers

Question 10

“Mode” is useful for

Answer 10

Reporting on categorical variables.

Question 11

What are measures of variability?

Answer 11

They indicate the spread of scores in a distribution

Range, variance, and standard deviation

Question 12

What is “range”

Answer 12

The distance between the highest and lowest scores

Question 13

What is “Variance”

Answer 13

The dispersion of scores around the mean.

The variance number itself doesn’t mean much but is useful in calculating more complex stats

Question 14

How do you calculate variance?

Answer 14

1) Calculate the difference between the mean and the raw score
2) square that value
3) sum the squared scores for all individuals
4) divide that by the total number of individuals minus 1

Question 15

What is a Z-score

Answer 15

How much a given value differs from the standard deviation,

The number of standard deviations a given data point lies above or below the mean

Question 16

What are measures of relative standing?

Answer 16

Stats that describe one score relative to a group of scores

Question 17

Nominal X is ———— than Y

Answer 17

Different

Question 18

Ordinal - X is ———— than Y

Answer 18

Greater than

Question 19

X exceeds Y by how many units is what measurement scale?

Answer 19

Interval

Question 20

X is what percentage more than Y is what measurement scale

Answer 20

Ratio

Question 21

What are Z scores -

Answer 21

They indicate how far a score is from the standard deviation.

This allow for comparison from scores from instrument to another

Question 22

What is a table -

Answer 22

A summary of quantitative data organized into rows and columns

Question 23

What is a figure?

Answer 23

A summary of quantitative information presented as a chart graph or a picture

Question 24

What are the 5 steps of hypothesis testing?

Answer 24

1) identify a null and alternative hypothesis

2) set the level of significance or alpha level

3) collect data

4) compute the sample statistic

5) make a decision about retaining or rejecting null hypothesis