Chapter 6

Question 1

some emotional expressions can influence how we perceive the world

Answer 1

perception

Question 2

some emotional expressions may aid interpersonal communication

Answer 2

communication

Question 3

capacity to identify feelings of others

Answer 3

empathy

Question 4

affective states play role in forming problem solving or decision making

Answer 4

affect-as-information perspective

Question 5

attempt to modify aspects of emotion-response trajectory

Answer 5

emotion regulation

Question 6

involves altering meaning to emotion-eliciting situation to alter emotional response

Answer 6

reappraisal

Question 7

inhibition of one’s emotional expressive behavior

Answer 7

suppression

Question 8

enduring change in behavior that comes from prior experience

Answer 8

learning

Question 9

experiencing stimulus changes magnitude of responsivity

Answer 9

non-associative learning

Question 10

less responsive to repeated stimuli; results from muscle fatigue and sensory adaptation; relaxed

Answer 10

habituation

Question 11

recovery of habituated response

Answer 11

dishabituation

Question 12

more responsive/sensitive to repeated STRONG stimuli; aroused

Answer 12

sensitization

Question 13

forming connections between stimuli and behavior

Answer 13

associative learning

Question 14

active learning form; learned association between behavior and consequences

Answer 14

operant conditioning

Question 15

adding something to increase a behavior

Answer 15

positive reinforcement

Question 16

taking away something to increase behavior

Answer 16

negative reinforcement

Question 17

random behaviors gradually become target behavior

Answer 17

shaping

Question 18

adding to decrease behavior

Answer 18

positive punishment

Question 19

removing to decrease behavior

Answer 19

negative punishment

Question 20

reinforcement or punishment after behavior

Answer 20

consequence

Question 21

signals presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement

Answer 21

discriminative stimulus

Question 22

learning by observing and imitating behavior of others

Answer 22

observational learning

Question 23

learning the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else

Answer 23

vicarious conditioning

Question 24

passive learning with associations between reflex-causing stimulus and other stimuli

Answer 24

classical conditioning

Question 25

stimulus that produces automatic, reflexive response

Answer 25

unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

response generated automatically by US

Answer 26

unconditioned response

Question 27

neutral stimulus eliciting response after association with US

Answer 27

conditioned stimulus

Question 28

response that occurs in presence of CS after association between CS and US is learned

Answer 28

conditioned response

Question 29

when CR is elicited by stimulus similar to CS

Answer 29

generalization

Question 30

CR only elicited to specific stimulus

Answer 30

discrimination

Question 31

propensity for learning certain association types over others

Answer 31

biological preparedness

Question 32

idea that behavior is function of consequences

Answer 32

law of effect

Question 33

consequence that is innately pleasurable or satisfies a biological need

Answer 33

primary reinforcer

Question 34

idea that activities that we often engage in can be used to reinforce activities that we are less likely to do

Answer 34

Premack principle

Question 34

learned pleasure that gains value through experience due to association with primary

Answer 34

secondary reinforcer

Question 34

schedule with reward every time behavior is performed

Answer 34

continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 35

behavior rewarded sometimes

Answer 35

partial reinforcement schedule

Question 36

specific number of behavior required before reward

Answer 36

fixed ratio

Question 37

average number of behaviors before reward given

Answer 37

variable ratio

Question 38

fixed amount of time passes before reward

Answer 38

fixed interval

Question 39

around the constant average amount of time passes before reward given

Answer 39

variable interval

Question 40

learning that occurs without incentive or motivation

Answer 40

latent learning