Chapter 6 Flashcards by Aliyah Grainger

proactive approach

Preventing abuse and harm before it
occurs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reactive approach

Intervening to keep children safe after
alleged harm has occurred

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false: Poor children, Black children, and
Indigenous children are significantly more
likely to have family involvement with the
child protective system

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 phases of the process (protective system)

reporting, investigation and removal and placement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power

Child maltreatments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Until mid 1800’s: focus on

neglected and abandoned children

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

services are provided through

religious, charitable, or
volunteer groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) of children was not a primary social concern,

as childhood was not yet widely recognized as a distinct developmental stage of life with heightened potential for long-term harm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As “professional” child welfare agencies
replaced the services traditionally
undertaken by churches and volunteer
groups, there was a new need for________________ to do the increasingly complicated work of assessing and intervening in cases of child protection

for highly
skilled professionals (rather than volunteers
and good Samaritans)

as a result child workers came

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1924

First articulation in public policy that children
have distinct rights

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The League of Nations adopts the __________________, which articulates that “all people owe children the right to: means for their development; special help in times of need; priority for relief; economic freedom and protection from exploitation; and an upbringing that instils social consciousness and duty”

Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The League of Nations adopts the Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child, which articulates that “all people owe children the right to:

means for their development
special help in times of need
priority for relief
economic freedom and protection from exploitation
an upbringing that instils social consciousness and duty”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

child welfare principles

Best interest of the child
Least intrusive measures
Child centered approach
Risk reduction
Permanency for children
Keeping siblings together
Strengths based approach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

child neglect

poverty, classisim

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

domestic violence

patriarchy, gender oppression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

child neglect and domestic violence are often __________ rather than involving_________

chronic, complex and ongoing rather than involving single incidents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Canada has a national study of child maltreatment called

Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CIS was implemented in 1998 as the first national study of child abuse in Canada and includes data on:

Children who come to child welfare attention for
suspected abuse or neglect

Characteristics of children and families investigated by child welfare authorities
Overall incidence rates for different types of child
maltreatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

36% of investigations into child
maltreatments were

substantiated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Approximately two-thirds of
investigations were

not substantiated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

92% of investigations did not

result in
protective placement.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Of the 8% of investigations that resulted in moving the child to achieve protection:

4% were moved to an informal arrangement with a
relative (informal kinship care)
* 4% were moved to foster care or formal kinship care placement
* Less than 1% were moved to an institutional setting (group home or treatment centre)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In substantiated cases, the two most
frequently occurring categories of
maltreatment indicated as primary concerns
were:

Witnessing or exposure to domestic violence
(34%)

Child neglect (34%)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative consequences for children

Academic difficulties: 23%
* Mental health issues: 19%
* Aggression: 15%
* Attachment issues: 14%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

was the incidence of all maltreatment- related investigations nearly identical for male and female?

yes

in terms of age, the highest rate of investigation was for...

infants

true or false : the incidence of substained maltreatment was not nearly identical for males and females

false

the highest substantiation rate was for

infants

For each investigated child, the social worker identified the person who was the

primary caregiver

primary caregiver is..

female

caregivers are between the ages

31-40

in 94% of substained investigations, the primary care giver was a

biological parent

rarely was the caregiver under the age of 20 and over age of 50 in cases of

substantiated maltreatment

in 78% of substantiated child maltreatment investigations

at least one primary risk factor was reported

The most frequently noted concerns for primary care givers were

being a victim of domestic violence, having few social reports, having mental issues.

1/3 of children in substantiated investigations were living in_________ 44% in_________ and 11% ________

purchased homes rental accommodations public housing

33% of substantiated investigations involved famillies receiving

social assistance or other benefits as their source of income

20% of investigations involved...

families that have moved at least once in previous year

Potential child maltreatment is more likely to be reported and substantiated when involving

First Nations children

The rate of investigations is ______ times higher for Indigenous children than non-Indigenous children

4.2

The substantiation rate for child welfare investigations involving _______________ is 4 times the substantiation rate for investigations involving _________________

First Nations children non- Indigenous children

The greatest disparity was in cases of

child neglect

In Canada, 52.2% of children in _________ are Indigenous, even though Indigenous children account for only _____ of the population

foster care, 7.7%

is the primary driver of the over- representation of Indigenous children in the child welfare system

child neglect

____ First Nations children are investigated for neglect for every_____ non-Indigenous child investigated for neglect”

six, one

Cases of neglect involving Indigenous children are more likely to be______________than neglect cases involving non- Indigenous children

substantiated

The over-representation of Indigenous children in the child welfare system has been called a

humanitarian crisis

Almost half of Indigenous children live

on-reserve

The rate of housing overcrowding on reserves is ________ the rate of housing overcrowding for non-Indigenous people

7 times

43% of homes on reserve need _________compared to 7% of Canadian homes Inadequate housing is a direct manifestation of poverty

repairs

Inadequate housing is a

direct manifestation of poverty

The over-representation of First Nations children in the child welfare system is also the result of a series of policies which sought to purposefully disrupt and separate Indigenous families as a tool of _________________________Indigenous children to a Eurocentric cultures

colonization, cultural imperialism, and the socialization of indigenous children

the forceful imposition of the culture of dominant (powerful) groups over less powerful groups

Cultural imperialism

resendential schools introduced by

Canada’s first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald

introduced resedential schools as...

as a nationwide program of assimilation in 1883

Macdonald sent politician and journalist __________ to study industrial schools in the United States as a model for Indigenous education in Canada

Nicholas Flood Davin

In his final Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds (1879), who said: * “If anything is to be done with the Indian, we must catch him very young. The children must be kept constantly within the circle of civilized conditions”

Davin

residential schools were funded by and ran by

federal gov and ran by religious groups such as catholic church

In 1920 under the Indian Act,

attendance at residential schools become mandatory and it became illegal for Indigenous children to attend other educational institutions

Residential schools lasted until the last school

in Saskatchewan closed in 1996

Who told the house of commons that residential schools would be one of the main weapons used to eliminate the “savage” before it grew to become incorrigible(bad, beyond correction).who told the House of Commons in 1883 that?

John A Macdonald

who said “When the school is on the reserve the child lives with its parents, who are savages, he is surrounded by savages, and though he may learn to read and write his habits and training and mode of thought are Indian,” said Macdonald, in a passage quoted by the report. “He is simply a savage that can read and write."

John A. McDonald

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) final report concluded that the residential school system was the ___________ in Canada of a program cultural of genocide

primary mechanism

destruction of those structures and practices that allow the group to continue as a group”

Cultural genocide

maltreatment for Indigenous children:

physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, and overcrowding led to rampant sickness and death

The recent unearthing of unmarked graves on the sites of former residential schools indicate that residential schools were not just a program of attempted cultural genocide but also a potential ___________ as well

physical genocide

When the Indian residential schools were operating, children were

forcibly removed from their homes

The children were punished if they (residential schools)

used their own language, sang their own songs, or told their own stories

alarming national phenomenon in which Status Indian children were taken from their homes and communities by child welfare authorities to be placed in non-Aboriginal foster homes for adoption

sixties scoop

sixties scoop was term coined by

Patrick Johnston in Native Children and the Child Welfare System

“The actual term ‘Sixties Scoop’ came from a long-time employee of the B.C. Ministry of Human Resources whom Johnston personally interviewed. This person ‘admitted that provincial social workers would, ______________________ from reserves on the slightest pretext.’”

quite literally, scoop children

who has responsibility for Indigenous affairs and relations

fed gov

In 1951

the Indian Act was amended with the addition of section 88

This section made provincial laws of “_____________” that applied to all people and also applicable to Status Indians on reserve in any province

general application

Because child welfare is legislated and administered at the provincial level, this means that

provincial governments now had jurisdiction for child welfare for Indigenous people on reserves

Further, data shows that little to no effort was placed on finding placements with Indigenous families for Indigenous children who were removed from homes. As a result....

Indigenous children were often routinely placed with White families

This disparity of black Canadians is directly connected to

anti-Black racism and the over- surveillance of Black families by systems of social control

Approximately half of Black Canadians live in

ontario

has the largest population of Black Canadians in the country (36.9%)

Toronto

Black Canadian children are _________more likely to be involved with the Children’s Aid Society of Toronto than non-Black Canadian children

4.2 times

Black Canadian children represent __________ (40.8%) of children in care in Toronto

close to half

Black Canadian youth are also disproportionately more likely to have

simultaneous involvement in the juvenile justice and child welfare system

Black youth are disproportionately placed “in residential group home programs, programs ... characterized as the most

intrusive and constraining type of service”

the opioid crisis is not only a public health crisis but a

child welfare policy issue

the rapid increase in the overuse, misuse/abuse, and overdose deaths attributed either in part or in whole to the class of drugs called opiates/opioids since the 1990s.

opioid crisis

when parents become addicted to opioids or die from an overdose...

the child welfare system is required to respond

how are children being affected by opioid crisis

- child or adolescent poisoning and overdose - opioid misuse during pregnancy - impaired parenting and attachment - material deprivation - extended separation from parents

there is a growing number of children in foster care because of

opioid use

What is the child welfare system doing to help children and families affected by parental substances use disorders

1. supporting attachement and child development 2. suppoting the resilience of famillies 3. providing resources to treat parental substance use and trauma history 4. better serving maternal and child health 5. embracing a "family first" approach.

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(89 cards)