Chapter 6

Question 1

Reverse transcriptase is used to generate what nucleic acid from RNA?

Answer 1

cDNA

Question 2

Define Viroid

Answer 2

an acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsit and capable of replicating its genome

Question 3

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is caused by…

Answer 3

prions

Question 4

What are capsomeres?

Answer 4

protein subunits that surround the nucleic acid of a virus

Question 5

The excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome is known as …

Answer 5

Induction

Question 6

Once a bacteriophage as successfully integrated during the lysogenic cycle it is then called a…

Answer 6

prophage

Question 7

What mechanism of horizontal gene transfer relies on the use of viruses?

Answer 7

Transduction

Question 8

What enzyme is found in retroviruses?

Answer 8

reverse transcriptase

Question 9

Define Virusoid

Answer 9

an acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsid and in NOT capable of replicating its genome

Question 10

Name four characteristics of viruses

Answer 10

1. acellular
2. cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
3. cannot reproduce independently
4. no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles

Question 11

what are the characteristics of viruses in their intracellular state?

Answer 11

capsid is removed and virus exists as nucleic acid

Question 12

what is the nucleic acid and capsid called?

Answer 12

nucleocapsid

Question 13

Are all viruses naked?

Answer 13

No, some have a phosphlipid envelope

Question 14

What are some of the functions of a capsid?

Answer 14

Provide protection for viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host’s cell

Question 15

what is the primary way scientists categorize and classify viruses?

Answer 15

by their DNA or RNA

Question 16

What is a virus that infects a bacteria called?

Answer 16

bacteriophage

Question 17

What are viral particles called?

Answer 17

Virons

Question 18

Define Transduction

Answer 18

transfers DNA from one to another during sequential infection

Question 19

What are the two types of transduction?

Answer 19

1. Generalized
2. Specialized

Question 20

What is a virus in its extracellular state called?

Answer 20

Virion

Question 21

the process that takes place to turn DNA to RNA or RNA to DNA is called…

Answer 21

Transcription

Question 22

The process that takes RNA to protein and vise versa is called

Answer 22

Translation

Question 23

Five steps of Lytic replication

Answer 23

1. Attachment - Phage attatch to host
2. Entry- DNA goes into host
3. Synthesis- DNA makes viral parts
4. Assembly- Viral parts come together
5. Release- cell swells with new viruses

Question 24

Steps within the Lysogeny replication

Answer 24

1. attatchment
2. Entry
3. Intergration
4. Divide - binary fission
5. Induction - once in a stressful environment
6. Synthesis
7. Maturation
8. release

Question 25

Once the viral genome has intergrated the bacterial host is then called a

Answer 25

Lysogen

Question 26

What is a difference between animal & bacterial virus?

Answer 26

Entry

Question 27

Will the host cell lyse if it is infected with an envelope virus?

Answer 27

no, host cell will not lyse

Question 28

What happens to the capsid of a bacterialphage?

Answer 28

it will stay on the outside of host

Question 29

What happens to the capsid of a virus that infects animal cells?

Answer 29

it can either go all in or partially go in

Question 30

When do you see budding?

Answer 30

with animal viruses

Question 31

During synthesis, if it is a DNA virus where will it go?

Answer 31

straight to the nucleus

Question 32

If it is an RNA virus where will it go during synthesis?

Answer 32

to the ribosomes

Question 33

What is a virus that effects plants called?

Answer 33

Viroids

Question 34

What is different of a virusoid?

Answer 34

they need a helper virus

Question 35

What is the only known way of getting rid of prions?

Answer 35

Autoclave

Question 36

Can viruses be grown by themselves?

Answer 36

no, because they are nonliving

Question 37

what are the characteristics of Prions

Answer 37

-Infectious proteins -made of proteins not nucleic acid -misfolded -100% fatal

Question 38

What is the viral envelope composed of?

Answer 38

phospholipid bilayer & proteins

Question 39

Where does the viral envelope come from?

Answer 39

it is acquired from the host said during viral replication or release

Question 40

List three different ways an animal virus enters the cell

Answer 40

1. Direct penetration 2. Membrane fusion 3. Endocytosis

Question 41

How are naked animal viruses released

Answer 41

Exocytosis or lysis