chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
what happened to Prynne Bastwick and Burton
A
- star chamber found them guilty of seditious libel as they had written pamphlets attacking the policies of Archbishop Laud
- Prynne had whole ear chopped off (top cut off in 1634 as punishment for writing book attacking HM’s court) and SL burned into cheeks
- their heads and arms fixed to pillories, not traditionally a punishment for gentlemen suggesting Laud not respectful of society’s hierarchy and traditions
- 1644 Prynne lead Laud’s trial that resulted in Laud’s execution
2
Q
Laud
A
- James 1 found him too divisive but Charles influenced by Buckingham admired his desire for order and ceremonial in the church: reflected Charles’ love of hierarchy and authority
- theologically Arminian, but developed own unique nature of reforms so Laudian more accurate
3
Q
Laudianism
A
- by end of 1630s most Protestants able to unite against Laudianism as a common enemy
- distinctive features included: Beauty of Holiness (decoration), conformity to the liturgy, altar moved
4
Q
Altar controversy
A
- Laud pursued order and decency in church and reversed previous altar policy
- altar moved to easternmost wall of the church (where Catholic altar was)
- chancel (where altar stands), raised by steps and separated by rail from rest of church
- covered with decorated embroidered cloth
- enforcement checked by annual visitations
5
Q
consequences of altar policy
A
- some thought might presage a return to catholic mass
- many alarmed at dramatic break from tradition (churchgoers sat in same place every week, higher status in same pews towards front of church as ancestors), often had to move family pews for altar’s new location showing lack of respect for tradition and social status quo
- strict enforcement narrowed broad tolerance essential for stability
6
Q
politicisation of clergy
A
- status of the clergy matched by way Charles promoted many of them into other area of public life
- Scottish Bishops made justices of the Peace (1634), extended to England and Ireland
- laud became chancellor of Oxford uni (1630), joined privy council committee on foreign affairs
- overlap between political and religious spheres meant Charles’ circle of advisors narrowed further, as churchman felt more powerful began to be perceived as threat to power and influence of gentry.
7
Q
Laudianism and Absolutism
A
- L appeared to threaten religious expression in England and Scotland but suggested drive for conformity in church was evidence charles was absolutist at heart
8
Q
establishing conformity
A
- laud enforced greater discipline and conformity within church
- asserting conformity: use of liturgy, clergy given new instructions about format and words to use in each service, cannons (rules) revised including altar policy
- auditing conformity: 1629 bishops return dioceses and take responsibility ensuring parish priests obeying instructions. visitations and presentment bills used to report on conformity
- enforcing conformity: star chamber and court of high commission increasingly used with harsher punishment. 1634 Laud removed Robert Heath: thought he would rule against cases relating to religious uniformity
9
Q
Laudianism in scotland
A
- when charles became king of Scotland showed terrible awareness of delicate balance that needs to be maintained between Churches of England and Scotland and nature of Scottish protestantism
10
Q
beauty of holiness
A
- charles tried to take back old church lands that had been given or sold to Scottish gentry since 1540 to bring back wealth into Scottish churches
- met with anger, panic among gentry, widespread disobedience
- when being crowned in Scotland 1633, arranged raised altar decorated with candles and crucifix - sent shock
- charles swore coronation oath promised to defend bishops and preserve church privileges
11
Q
conformity
A
- 1629 Scottish subjects told they had to kneel to take communion at least once a year: this carried dangerous connotations to Catholicism, indicated charles ensuring royal authority
