Chapter 6

Question 0

People who share a culture and a territory

Answer 0

Society

Question 1

People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

Answer 1

Group

Question 2

The sociological principle is that the type of ____ we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are.

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

Not only does our society lay the broad framework for our behavior, but it also influences the way we ___ and ___.

Answer 3

Think and feel

Question 4

A human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival, and have few social divisions and little inequality.

Answer 4

Hunting and gathering society

Question 5

A tribe’s healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease. Although this position is slightly more prestigious, these people are still expected to contribute in creating food supply.

Answer 5

Shaman

Question 6

This particular society is nomadic; they travel from one place to another as food sources dwindle, and only gather food that is already there - they do not plant.

Answer 6

Hunting and gathering society

Question 7

Of all societies, the ___ __ ____ societies are the most egalitarian. Because what they hunt and gather is perishable, the people accumulate few personal possessions. Consequently, no one becomes wealthier than anyone else. There are no rulers, and most decisions are arrived at thorough discussion. This group has such basic needs that they have the most leisure of all human groups.

Answer 7

Hunting and gathering

Question 8

All human groups were once ____ and ____.

Answer 8

Hunters and gatherers

Question 9

The ___ __ ____ groups that remain include the pygmies of Central Africa, the aborigines of Australia, and various groups in south America.

Answer 9

Hunting and gathering

Question 10

About 10,000 years ago, some groups found that they could tame and breed some of the animals they hunted – primarily goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. Others discovered that they could cultivate plants. As a result, hunting and gathering societies branched into two directions. What are the two branchings?

Answer 10

Pastoral and horticultural

Question 11

A society based on the pasturing of animals

Answer 11

Pastoral society

Question 12

A society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools

Answer 12

Horticultural Society

Question 13

Which of the pastoral and horticultural societies remained nomatic. Why?

Answer 13

Pastoral. Because pastoral or herding societies developed in regions where low rainfall made it impractical to build life around growing crops, and they needed to follow their animals to fresh pasture.

Question 14

Why were horticultural or gardening societies able to develop and stay in permanent settlements?

Answer 14

Because they no longer had to abandon an area as the food supply gave out.

Question 15

The domestication of animals and plants is called the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 15

First social revolution

Question 16

The ___ ___changed human history. The changes, which occurred over thousands of years, touched every aspect of human life.

Answer 16

Domestication revolution

Question 17

The more dependable food supply allowed groups to grow larger. With it no longer necessary for everyone to work at providing food, a _______ developed.

Answer 17

division of labor

Question 18

Division of labor led to a surplus of objects, which, in turn, stimulated trade. As groups traded with one another, they began to accumulate objects they prized, such as gold, jewelry, and utensils. This led to _______.

Answer 18

Social inequality

Question 19

Some families or clans acquired more valuable goods than others which led to feuds and war. War, in turn, opened the door to ___.

Answer 19

slavery

Question 20

As individuals passed their possessions on to their descendants, wealth grew more concentrated. So did power, and for the first time, individuals became …?

Answer 20

Chiefs

Question 21

The first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies

Answer 21

Domestication revolution

Question 22

The second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies

Answer 22

Agricultural revolution

Question 23

This type of society, bringing about a period sometimes referred to as “the dawn of civilization” began the development of cities and what is popularly known as “culture”: activities such as philosophy, art, music, literature, and architecture because food surpluses were created by large-scale agriculture.

Answer 23

Agricultural society

Question 24

When some people managed to gain control of the growing surplus of resources and agricultural societies, ___ became a fundamental feature of life and society.

Answer 24

Inequality

Question 25

The third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power.

Answer 25

Industrial revolution

Question 26

Industrialization brought an abundance of goods, and as workers finally won what we call basic rights, a surprising change occurred -

Answer 26

The pattern of growing inequality was reversed: slavery was abolished, more rights for women, jury trial, rights to vote.

Question 27

A society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels

Answer 27

Industrial society

Question 28

The primary source of the sweeping changes that are transforming our lives is the development of technology centering on the ___.

Answer 28

microchip

Question 29

A society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.

Answer 29

Postindustrial (information) society

Question 30

The industrial revolution began in ________ in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery

Answer 30

Great Britain

Question 31

The _______ was the first country to have more than half of its workers in service industries: banking, counseling, education, entertainment, government, health, insurance, law, mass media, research, and sales.

Answer 31

United States

Question 32

A society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and material

Answer 32

Biotech society

Question 33

A bewildering sense of not belonging to our society which can seem huge and dominating, sometimes even threatening and oppressive. This term was coined by sociologist Emile Durkheim.

Answer 33

Anomie

Question 34

Email Durkheim said that ___ ___ help prevent anomie by standing as a buffer between the individual and the larger society.

Answer 34

small groups

Question 35

Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

Answer 35

Aggregate

Question 36

People, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

Answer 36

Category

Question 37

Shoppers standing in a checkout line or drivers waiting at a red light are examples of an ...?

Answer 37

aggregate

Question 38

People who share similar characteristics, such as all college women who wear glasses or all men over 6 feet tall. A simple statistic.

Answer 38

category

Question 39

A small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face Association and cooperation.

Answer 39

Primary groups (sociologist Charles Cooley)

Question 40

Compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

Answer 40

Secondary group

Question 41

The primary groups that we form within secondary groups serve as a ___ between ourselves and the demands that secondary groups place on us

Answer 41

Buffer

Question 42

Mom, dad, brother, sister are examples of what group?

Answer 42

Primary group

Question 43

Members that are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses, such as president, manager, worker, or student are examples of what group?

Answer 43

Secondary group

Question 44

A group toward which one feels loyalty

Answer 44

In-group

Question 45

A group toward which one feels antagonism

Answer 45

Out-group

Question 46

To divide the world into in-groups and out-groups, and natural part of social life, produces both _____ and _____ consequences.

Answer 46

functional, dysfunctional

Question 47

A group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

Answer 47

Reference group

Question 48

Contradictions that lead to inner turmoil are common because of two chief characteristics of our society: ________ and ________. These expose us to standards and orientations that are inconsistent with those we learned during childhood.

Answer 48

social diversity, social mobility

Question 49

An individual who has the desire to become a corporate executive may start to dress more formally, try to improve their vocabulary, read The Wall Street Journal, and change their major to business or law. This is an example of the tremendous influence of ____ _____.

Answer 49

reference groups

Question 50

The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together.

Answer 50

Social network

Question 51

Your ____ ____ includes your family, friends, acquaintances, people at work and school, and even "friends of friends".

Answer 51

social network

Question 52

A cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

Answer 52

Clique

Question 53

The analysis of social networks has become part of ...?

Answer 53

Applied sociology

Question 54

Who conducted "the small world phenomenon" study?

Answer 54

Psychologist Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

Question 55

Who dispelled Stanley Milgram's study by finding that we are dramatically separated by social barriers.

Answer 55

psychologist Judith Kleinfeld (2002)

Question 56

The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

Answer 56

Group dynamics

Question 57

A group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members. Can be both primary and secondary.

Answer 57

Small group

Question 58

A wife, husband, and children, as well as workers who take their lunch breaks together are examples of a ...?

Answer 58

primary small group

Question 59

Students in a small introductory sociology class and bitters at an auction form ...?

Answer 59

secondary small groups

Question 60

The smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

Answer 60

Dyad

Question 61

Marriages, love affairs, and close friendships are examples of a ...?

Answer 61

dyad

Question 62

Because only two people are involved, the interaction is focused on both individuals. Since this group requires that both members participate, if one member loses interest, this type of group collapses. What type of group is this?

Answer 62

Dyad

Question 63

A group of three people

Answer 63

Triad

Question 64

With the birth of a child, hardly any aspect of a couple relationship goes untouched. Attention focuses on the baby, and interaction between the husband and wife diminishes. This is an example of the strain experienced in a ...?

Answer 64

Triad

Question 65

Triads, like diads, are unstable. They tend to produce coalitions. What is a coalition?

Answer 65

Two group members aligning themselves against one.

Question 66

Someone who tries to settle disagreements between the other two triad members is called an ...?

Answer 66

arbitrator

Question 67

The common tendency for two people to develop stronger bonds and prefer one another leaves the third person feeling hurt and excluded. This is an example of the type of strain experienced by ...?

Answer 67

triads

Question 68

As a small group grows ___, it becomes more stable, but its intensity, or intimacy, ____.

Answer 68

larger, decreases

Question 69

As groups grow, they also tend to develop a more ___ structure. For example, leaders emerge and more specialized roles come into play. This often results in such familiar offices as president, secretary, and treasure the structure provides the framework that helps the group survive over time.

Answer 69

formal

Question 70

In larger groups including a triad people feel a ____________ : giving help was no more their responsibility than anyone else's.

Answer 70

diffusion of responsibility

Question 71

Someone who influences other people

Answer 71

Leader

Question 72

Groups have two types of leaders. What are they?

Answer 72

Instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader) Expressive leader (or socio-emotional leader)

Question 73

An individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader

Answer 73

Instrumental leader

Question 74

An individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

Answer 74

Expressive leader

Question 75

This type of leader tries to keep group members from getting sidetracked reminding them of what they are trying to accomplish. They sometimes create friction as they prod the group to get on with the job. Their actions often cost them popularity.

Answer 75

Instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader)

Question 76

This type of leader often cracks jokes, offers sympathy, or does other things that help to lift the groups morale. This leader stimulates personal bonds and reduces friction, therefore they are usually more popular.

Answer 76

Expressive leader (or socioemotional leader)

Question 77

Ways in which people express their leadership

Answer 77

Leadership styles

Question 78

What are the three basic types of leadership styles?

Answer 78

Authoritarian leader Democratic leader Laissez-faire leader

Question 79

An individual who leads by giving orders

Answer 79

Authoritarian leader

Question 80

An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

Answer 80

Democratic leader

Question 81

An individual who leads by being highly premises

Answer 81

Laissez-faire leader

Question 82

A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty

Answer 82

Groupthink

Question 83

Sociologist who claimed the term groupthink

Answer 83

Irving Janis (1972, 1982)