Chapter 6 Flashcards
People who share a culture and a territory
Society
People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group
Group
The sociological principle is that the type of ____ we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are.
Society
Not only does our society lay the broad framework for our behavior, but it also influences the way we ___ and ___.
Think and feel
A human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival, and have few social divisions and little inequality.
Hunting and gathering society
A tribe’s healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease. Although this position is slightly more prestigious, these people are still expected to contribute in creating food supply.
Shaman
This particular society is nomadic; they travel from one place to another as food sources dwindle, and only gather food that is already there - they do not plant.
Hunting and gathering society
Of all societies, the ___ __ ____ societies are the most egalitarian. Because what they hunt and gather is perishable, the people accumulate few personal possessions. Consequently, no one becomes wealthier than anyone else. There are no rulers, and most decisions are arrived at thorough discussion. This group has such basic needs that they have the most leisure of all human groups.
Hunting and gathering
All human groups were once ____ and ____.
Hunters and gatherers
The ___ __ ____ groups that remain include the pygmies of Central Africa, the aborigines of Australia, and various groups in south America.
Hunting and gathering
About 10,000 years ago, some groups found that they could tame and breed some of the animals they hunted – primarily goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. Others discovered that they could cultivate plants. As a result, hunting and gathering societies branched into two directions. What are the two branchings?
Pastoral and horticultural
A society based on the pasturing of animals
Pastoral society
A society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
Horticultural Society
Which of the pastoral and horticultural societies remained nomatic. Why?
Pastoral. Because pastoral or herding societies developed in regions where low rainfall made it impractical to build life around growing crops, and they needed to follow their animals to fresh pasture.
Why were horticultural or gardening societies able to develop and stay in permanent settlements?
Because they no longer had to abandon an area as the food supply gave out.
The domestication of animals and plants is called the ___ ___ ___.
First social revolution
The ___ ___changed human history. The changes, which occurred over thousands of years, touched every aspect of human life.
Domestication revolution
The more dependable food supply allowed groups to grow larger. With it no longer necessary for everyone to work at providing food, a _______ developed.
division of labor
Division of labor led to a surplus of objects, which, in turn, stimulated trade. As groups traded with one another, they began to accumulate objects they prized, such as gold, jewelry, and utensils. This led to _______.
Social inequality
Some families or clans acquired more valuable goods than others which led to feuds and war. War, in turn, opened the door to ___.
slavery
As individuals passed their possessions on to their descendants, wealth grew more concentrated. So did power, and for the first time, individuals became …?
Chiefs
The first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies
Domestication revolution
The second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies
Agricultural revolution
This type of society, bringing about a period sometimes referred to as “the dawn of civilization” began the development of cities and what is popularly known as “culture”: activities such as philosophy, art, music, literature, and architecture because food surpluses were created by large-scale agriculture.
Agricultural society
When some people managed to gain control of the growing surplus of resources and agricultural societies, ___ became a fundamental feature of life and society.
Inequality
The third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power.
Industrial revolution
Industrialization brought an abundance of goods, and as workers finally won what we call basic rights, a surprising change occurred -
The pattern of growing inequality was reversed: slavery was abolished, more rights for women, jury trial, rights to vote.
A society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels
Industrial society
The primary source of the sweeping changes that are transforming our lives is the development of technology centering on the ___.
microchip
A society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.
Postindustrial (information) society
The industrial revolution began in ________ in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery
Great Britain
The _______ was the first country to have more than half of its workers in service industries: banking, counseling, education, entertainment, government, health, insurance, law, mass media, research, and sales.
United States
A society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and material
Biotech society
