Chapter 6

Question 0

What are the 3 key functions of memory

Answer 0

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

Define encoding

Answer 2

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

Question 3

Define storage

Answer 3

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 4

Define retrieval

Answer 4

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

Question 5

Define Elaborative encoding

Answer 5

The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

Question 6

Define visual imagery encoding

Answer 6

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 7

Organizational encoding

Answer 7

The process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items

Question 8

Define memory storage and name the 3 types

Answer 8

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Sensory
Short-term
Long-term

Question 9

Define sensory memory

Answer 9

Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Question 10

Define iconic memory

Answer 10

Fast decaying store of visual memory

Question 11

Define echoic memory

Answer 11

Fast decaying store of auditory information

Question 12

Define short term memory

Answer 12

Holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Question 13

Define rehearsal

Answer 13

The process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 14

define chunking

Answer 14

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks.

Question 15

Define working memory

Answer 15

Active maintenance of information in short term storage

Question 16

Define central executive

Answer 16

Part of working memory that coordinates subsystems (frontal lobe)

Question 17

Define long term memory

Answer 17

Holds information for hours, days, weeks or years

Question 18

Define anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

Inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

Question 19

Define Retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation. Hippocampal region is critical for putting info into long term.

Question 20

Define consolidation

Answer 20

A process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 21

What do beta blockers do

Answer 21

Prevent consolidation of memories

Question 22

Define reconsolidation

Answer 22

Consolidated memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

Question 23

What is PTSD treatment

Answer 23

Have people recall emotional memory, before reconsolidation can occur administer beta blockers. Which will lead to disruption of the emotional component of memory.

Question 24

Define retrieval

Answer 24

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

Question 25

Define retrieval cue

Answer 25

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Question 26

Define the Encoding specialty principle

Answer 26

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Question 27

Define State dependant retrieval

Answer 27

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 28

Define Transfer appropriate processing

Answer 28

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match.

Question 29

Define retrieval induced forgetting

Answer 29

A process by which retrieving select items from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Question 30

Where does trying to retrieve take place

Answer 30

Left frontal lobe

Question 31

Where does successful retrieval take place

Answer 31

The hippocampus

Question 32

Where does recalling sounds happen

Answer 32

Auditory cortex

Question 33

Where does recalling pictures take place

Answer 33

The occipital lobe

Question 34

Define explicit memory

Answer 34

Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

Question 35

Define implicit memory

Answer 35

Occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.

Question 36

Define procedural memory

Answer 36

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things.

Question 37

Define conceptual priming

Answer 37

Reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use and object.

Question 38

Define perceptual priming

Answer 38

Reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item

Question 39

Define semantic memory

Answer 39

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 40

Define episodic memory

Answer 40

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Question 41

Define transience

Answer 41

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Question 42

Define retroactive interference

Answer 42

Later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Question 43

Define proactive interference

Answer 43

Earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Question 44

Define primacy effect

Answer 44

People have a good memory for items at the beginning of the list. Reflects long term memory

Question 45

Define recency effect

Answer 45

People have a good memory for the items at the end of a list. Reflects working memory

Question 46

Define absentmindedness

Answer 46

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Question 47

Prospective memory

Answer 47

Remembering to do things on the future

Question 48

Define memory blocking

Answer 48

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. Typically occurs with names and places

Question 49

Define memory misattribution

Answer 49

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Question 50

Define source memory

Answer 50

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Question 51

Define destination memory

Answer 51

Remembering who we have told something before

Question 52

Define false recognition

Answer 52

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before. (Misattribution error)

Question 53

Deja vecu

Answer 53

Mistaken belief that one has already lived through an experience and remember the details of what happened

Question 54

Define suggestibility

Answer 54

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Question 55

Define bias

Answer 55

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

Question 56

Define consistency bias

Answer 56

The bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

Question 57

Define Change bias

Answer 57

After an investment of effort in producing change, remembering ones past performance as consistent with the change

Question 58

Define egocentric bias

Answer 58

The tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

Question 59

Define persistence

Answer 59

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Question 60

Define flashbulb memories

Answer 60

Detailed recollections of when and and where we heard about shocking events

Question 61

Persistence is caused by

Answer 61

Activation of the amygdala

Question 62

What are the seven sins of memory

Answer 62

``` Transience Absentmindedness Blocking Memory misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence ```